Top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer rate contributes to decrease culm physical strength by reducing structural carbohydrate content in japonica rice

Zhang, Wujun; Wu, Longmei; Ding, Yanfeng; Weng, Fei; Wu, Xiaoran; Li, Ganghua; Liu, Zhenghui; Tang, She; Ding, Chengqiang; Wang, Shaohua

doi:10.1016/s2095-3119(15)61166-2

Cited by 64 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, in the same study, the long‐culm cultivar ‘LeafStar’ carrying the OsCAD2 mutation had low lignin concentrations but higher densities of cellulose and hemicellulose, resulting in a thick and stiff culm. Another study in rice found that nitrogen rate applications and nonstructural carbohydrates affected the dry weight and thickness of secondary cell wall, and consequently, bending strength and lodging resistance in japonica rice (Zhang et al, 2016). In sorghum, Esechie et al (1977) found that lodging‐resistant grain sorghums had higher total nonstructural carbohydrates, lower stalk potassium, and lower protein concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Stem Strength in Diverse Bioenergy Sorghum Genotypes

2018

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Stem biomechanical properties dictate the mechanical stability of crop plants and ultimately their lodging resistance. This study evaluated stem mechanical, morphological, anatomical, and composition traits to assess their association with historical lodging ratings and developed new approaches to predict stem strength. Significant genotypic variation for stem strength, rigidity, and stiffness existed among 15 bioenergy Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genotypes that were selected to represent a range of stem lodging tendencies. Repeatabilities for the mechanical traits ranged from moderate to high across environments (0.58–0.92), high within environments (0.81–0.89), and low to high for maturity groups (0.31–0.89). Lodging rating was moderately correlated with internode density (r = 0.60, P < 0.01), length (r = 0.61, P < 0.01), and rigidity (r = 0.60, P < 0.05). Mechanical traits were highly correlated with morphological traits; correlations with anatomical or composition traits were lower. Using this information, two predictive models were developed. In Model 1, stiffness explained 69% of the total variation for stem strength. In Model 2, a combination of internode density, volume, and stiffness explained 75% of the total variation. Both prediction models were robust and were not confounded by internode number, cultivar type, maturity group, or environment. The results indicate that indirect selection of lodging‐related traits may be possible with the specific use of stiffness as a selective breeding tool to improve lodging resistance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Stem Strength in Diverse Bioenergy Sorghum Genotypes

2018

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“…The non-structural carbohydrate, sucrose, lignin, and cellulose content measurements were described by Updegraff (1969); Yoshida et al (1976), Ishimaru et al (2008), and Zhang et al (2016a), respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shading Contributes to the Reduction of Stem Mechanical Strength by Decreasing Cell Wall Synthesis in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

et al. 2017

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Low solar radiation caused by industrial development and solar dimming has become a limitation in crop production in China. It is widely accepted that low solar radiation influences many aspects of plant development, including slender, weak stems and susceptibility to lodging. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To clarify how low solar radiation affects stem mechanical strength formation and lodging resistance, the japonica rice cultivars Wuyunjing23 (lodging-resistant) and W3668 (lodging-susceptible) were grown under field conditions with normal light (Control) and shading (the incident light was reduced by 60%) with a black nylon net. The yield and yield components, plant morphological characteristics, the stem mechanical strength, cell wall components, culm microstructure, gene expression correlated with cellulose and lignin biosynthesis were measured. The results showed that shading significantly reduced grain yield attributed to reduction of spikelets per panicles and grain weight. The stem-breaking strength decreased significantly under shading treatment; consequently, resulting in higher lodging index in rice plant in both varieties, as revealed by decreased by culm diameter, culm wall thickness and increased plant height, gravity center height. Compared with control, cell wall components including non-structural carbohydrate, sucrose, cellulose, and lignin reduced quite higher. With histochemical straining, shading largely reduced lignin deposition in the sclerenchyma cells and vascular bundle cells compared with control, and decreased cellulose deposition in the parenchyma cells of culm tissue in both Wuyunjing23 and W3668. And under shading condition, gene expression involved in secondary cell wall synthesis, OsPAL, OsCOMT, OsCCoAOMT, OsCCR, and OsCAD2, and primary cell wall synthesis, OsCesA1, OsCesA3, and OsCesA8 were decreased significantly. These results suggest that gene expression involved in the reduction of lignin and cellulose in both sclerenchyma and parenchyma cells, which attribute to lignin and cellulose in culm tissue and weak mechanical tissue, consequently, result in poor stem strength and higher lodging risks.Highlights:(1) Shading decreases the stem mechanical strength of japonica rice by decreasing non-structural carbohydrate, sucrose, lignin, and cellulose accumulation in culms.(2) The decrease of carbon source under shading condition is the cause for the lower lignin and cellulose accumulation in culm.(3) The expression of genes involved in lignin and primarily cell wall cellulose biosynthesis (OsCesA1, OsCesA3, and OsCesA8) at the stem formation stage are down-regulated under shading condition, inducing defective cell wall development and poor lodging resistance.

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“…Considering that starch represents 80-90% of final grain weight, the events involving since grain filling and final yield are associated to assimilates supplied by current photosynthesis and stem NSC remobilization capacity (Yoshida, 1981). During the vegetative phase and until heading, carbon assimilates are partially and temporally stored in stems and leaf sheaths in rice plants as NSC, which are sinked for all events involving since reproductive organ formation until grain development and maturation phase (Morita & Nakano, 2011;Zhang et al, 2016). For rice, there are studies showing that the stem NSC contribution to grain yield must reach 28% (Pan et al, 2011;Yoshida, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation in Contrasting Rice Genotypes Subjected to High Night Temperatures

Moura¹,

Brito²,

Campos³

et al. 2017

JAS

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Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) accumulation and photosynthesis traits were studied in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes maintained under control (22/30 °C -night/day) and at high night temperatures (HNT) (28/30 °C) conditions from heading to milk stage. Rice cultivars were Nagina22 -N22 and BRS Querência -Quer, which are tolerant and sensitive to high temperatures, respectively. The source-sink flow related attributes were tested to understand the nature of NSC accumulation and translocation. Compared to N22, Quer maintained higher stem starch in glucose on seventh day after heading and at milk stage independently of imposed temperatures. However, the levels of starch in glucose were lower for N22 meanwhile their total sugar concentration (TSC) were higher at control and at HNT at milk stage as compared to Quer. N22 maintained unaltered the spikelet sterility and 1000-grain weight across environments showing a consistent trend with its stem NSC translocation. Both genotypes showed similarity in some gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence performance suggesting unaffected photosystem II photochemistry, linear electron flux, and CO 2 assimilation. Beyond indicating that source functioning was not the limiting factor for low TSC and starch in glucose levels found in N22 on seventh day after heading stage. Moreover, our data suggest that the higher translocation capacity shown by N22 can be involved in their lower spikelet sterility and 1000-grain weight stability across the environments. These results indicate that selecting genotypes with higher capacity to stem NSC translocation at HNT could lead to more grain yield stability in future climate scenarios.

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Top-dressing nitrogen fertilizer rate contributes to decrease culm physical strength by reducing structural carbohydrate content in japonica rice

Cited by 64 publications

References 35 publications

Predicting Stem Strength in Diverse Bioenergy Sorghum Genotypes

Predicting Stem Strength in Diverse Bioenergy Sorghum Genotypes

Shading Contributes to the Reduction of Stem Mechanical Strength by Decreasing Cell Wall Synthesis in Japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Non-Structural Carbohydrates Accumulation in Contrasting Rice Genotypes Subjected to High Night Temperatures

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