Top-down knowledge modulates onset capture in a feedforward manner

Becker, Stefanie I.; Lewis, Amanda J.; Axtens, Jenna E.

doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1134-2

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The aim of the first experiment was to test whether capture by target-dissimilar distractors is best explained by the relational account, the optimal tuning account, or a combined similarity-saliency view. In the experiment, observers had to search for a particular, predefined color target, and we assessed capture by differently colored onset distractors by monitoring the observer's eye movements during search (for a similar approach see Becker & Lewis, 2015;Becker, Lewis, et al, 2017;Born, Kerzel, & Theeuwes, 2011;Martin & Becker, 2018;Mulckhuyse, Van Zoest, & Theeuwes, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Top-down modulation of gaze capture: Feature similarity, optimal tuning, or tuning to relative features?

York

Becker

2020

Journal of Vision

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It is well-known that we can tune attention to specific features (e.g., colors). Originally, it was believed that attention would always be tuned to the exact feature value of the sought-after target (e.g., orange). However, subsequent studies showed that selection is often geared towards target-dissimilar items, which was variably attributed to (1) tuning attention to the relative target feature that distinguishes the target from other items in the surround (e.g., reddest item; relational tuning), (2) tuning attention to a shifted target feature that allows more optimal target selection (e.g., reddish orange; optimal tuning), or (3) broad attentional tuning and selection of the most salient item that is still similar to the target (combined similarity/saliency). The present study used a color search task and assessed gaze capture by differently coloured distractors to distinguish between the three accounts. The results of the first experiment showed that a very target-dissimilar distractor that matched the relative color of the target but was outside of the area of optimal tuning still captured very strongly. As shown by a control condition and a control experiment, bottom-up saliency modulated capture only weakly, ruling out a combined similarity-saliency account. With this, the results support the relational account that attention is tuned to the relative target feature (e.g., reddest), not an optimal feature value or the target feature. Top-down tuning mechanisms Several different mechanisms have been proposed to explain how exactly attention is top-down tuned to a known target feature. Among the first theories of

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, if capture is more strongly determined by bottom-up saliency, the distractors with the highest feature contrasts should attract the gaze most strongly (e.g., Becker, Lewis & Axtens, 2017;Folk & Remington, 1998). To gauge possible contributions of bottom-up saliency to capture, we included a very salient red distractor.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Top-down modulation of gaze capture: Feature similarity, optimal tuning, or tuning to relative features?

York

Becker

2020

Journal of Vision

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“…Nevertheless, although evidence from eye movements suggests that saccadic control is constrained by time such that automatic processes precede voluntary processes, it is important to emphasize that this does not necessary imply that goaldriven process or other higher-level mechanisms are not available early during processing (Becker, Lewis, & Axtens, 2016;Hollingworth, Matsukura, & Luck, 2013a, 2013bSilvis & Van der Stigchel, 2014;Weaver, Paoletti, & van Zoest, 2014). For example, if one is looking for a specific target of a salient color that is very different from the surrounding nontargets, top-down control can be available early (Becker et al, 2016;Weaver et al, 2014).…”

Section: Eye Movement Control Depends On Saccadic Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, if one is looking for a specific target of a salient color that is very different from the surrounding nontargets, top-down control can be available early (Becker et al, 2016;Weaver et al, 2014). However, when the target requires more scrutiny and more careful template matching, goal-directed control requires time.…”

Section: Eye Movement Control Depends On Saccadic Latencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditional control in visual selection

Zoest

Stigchel

Donk

2017

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Attention and eye movements provide a window into the selective processing of visual information. Evidence suggests that selection is influenced by various factors and is not always under the strategic control of the observer. The aims of this tutorial review are to give a brief introduction to eye movements and attention and to outline the conditions that help determine control. Evidence suggests that the ability to establish control depends on the complexity of the display as well as the point in time at which selection occurs. Stimulusdriven selection is more probable in simple displays than in complex natural scenes, but it critically depends on the timing of the response: Salience determines selection only when responses are triggered quickly following display presentation, and plays no role in longer-latency responses. The time course of selection is also important for the relationship between attention and eye movements. Specifically, attention and eye movements appear to act independently when oculomotor selection is quick, whereas attentional processes are able to influence oculomotor control when saccades are triggered only later in time. This relationship may also be modulated by whether the eye movement is controlled in a voluntary or an involuntary manner. To conclude, we present evidence that shows that visual control is limited in flexibility and that the mechanisms of selection are constrained by context and time.The outcome of visual selection changes with the situational context, and knowing the constraints of control is necessary to understanding when and how visual selection is truly controlled by the observer.

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“…Error bars denote the standard errors of the means for within-subjects effects (Loftus & Masson, 1994 (0%-25% [fastest RTs], 25%-50%, 50%-75%, and 75%-100% [slowest RTs]), separately for targets in the LVF and RVF. We then computed the mean RTs for the subset of trials within each bin (for the advantages of this distribution analysis, see Becker, Lewis, & Axtens, 2017). As is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Target Fixation Latenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Right away: A late, right-lateralized category effect complements an early, left-lateralized category effect in visual search

Constable

Becker

2017

Psychon Bull Rev

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According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, learned semantic categories can influence early perceptual processes. A central finding in support of this view is the lateralized category effect-namely, the finding that categorically different colors (e.g., blue and green hues) can be discriminated faster than colors within the same color category (e.g., different hues of green), especially when they are presented in the right visual field. Because the right visual field projects to the left hemisphere, this finding has been popularly couched in terms of the left-lateralization of language. However, other studies have reported bilateral category effects, which has led some researchers to question the linguistic origins of the effect. Here we examined the time course of lateralized and bilateral category effects in the classical visual search paradigm by means of eyetracking and RT distribution analyses. Our results show a bilateral category effect in the manual responses, which is combined of an early, left-lateralized category effect and a later, right-lateralized category effect. The newly discovered late, right-lateralized category effect occurred only when observers had difficulty locating the target, indicating a specialization of the right hemisphere to find categorically different targets after an initial error. The finding that early and late stages of visual search show different lateralized category effects can explain a wide range of previously discrepant findings.

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Top-down knowledge modulates onset capture in a feedforward manner

Cited by 16 publications

References 35 publications

Top-down modulation of gaze capture: Feature similarity, optimal tuning, or tuning to relative features?

Top-down modulation of gaze capture: Feature similarity, optimal tuning, or tuning to relative features?

Conditional control in visual selection

Right away: A late, right-lateralized category effect complements an early, left-lateralized category effect in visual search

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