Top‐down effects on antagonistic inducible defense and offense

Kishida, Osamu; Trussell, Geoffrey C.; Nishimura, Kinya

doi:10.1890/08-0238.1

Cited by 46 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…In contrast, when reduced defenses are a product of reduced interactions between a prey and its predator, modification of the inducible response may not reduce prey fitness. Our recent study (Kishida et al 2009a) illustrates this point. We found that induced morphological defenses in Rana pirica tadpoles against predatory salamander larvae were reduced by the presence of other predator (i.e., dragonfly larvae).…”

Section: Modification By External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Modification of trait plasticity by other community members has also been observed for inducible offensive morphologies in predators (Andersson et al 2007;Kishida et al 2009a). Kishida et al (2009a) examined how a top-predator affects antagonistic inducible offense and defense between salamanders and tadpoles, using a dragonfly -salamander -tadpole intraguild predation system.…”

Section: Modification By External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…This is critical because 1) prey must often contend with multiple predators (Sih et al 1998;Relyea 2003), 2) the interaction between intermediate predators and their prey may be strongly influenced by risk from a top predator (Werner and Peacor 2003;Kishida et al 2009a), and 3) most prey experience competition in addition to predation risk (Gurevitch et al 2000;Chase et al 2002). Several studies have explored how the expression of inducible offenses and defenses in a given predator-prey pair are affected by other community members.…”

Section: Modification By External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kishida et al (2009a) examined how a top-predator affects antagonistic inducible offense and defense between salamanders and tadpoles, using a dragonfly -salamander -tadpole intraguild predation system. In the presence of the chemical cues from Aeshna nigroflava dragonfly larvae (top-predator), the expression of inducible offensive morphology of Hynobius retardatus salamander larvae (intermediate predator) and inducible defensive morphology of Rana pirica (bottom prey) were both reduced compared to the trait expression observed in both species in the absence of the dragonfly risk cues.…”

Section: Modification By External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of morphological plasticity are now moving to a new phase by increasing attention to the complexity of organismal design and how community-level properties (e.g., trophic complexity) can influence the plasticity of individuals (Agrawal 2001;Relyea 2003Relyea , 2005bKishida et al 2009a). In addition ecologists are exploring how morphological plasticity influences population dynamics and community structure via trait-mediated indirect effects (TMIIs) (Werner and Peacor 2003;Miner et al 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary ecology of inducible morphological plasticity in predator–prey interaction: toward the practical links with population ecology

et al. 2009

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The outcome of species interactions is often strongly influenced by variation in the functional traits of the individuals participating. A rather large body of work demonstrates that inducible morphological plasticity in predators and prey can both influence and be influenced by species interaction strength with important consequences for individual fitness. Much of the past research in this area has focused on the ecological and evolutionary significance of trait plasticity by studying single predatorprey pairs and testing the performance of individuals having induced and non-induced phenotypes. This research has thus been critical in improving our understanding of the adaptive value of trait plasticity and its widespread occurrence across species and community types. More recently, researchers have expanded this foundation by examining how the complexity of organismal design and community-level properties can shape plasticity in functional traits. In addition, researchers have begun to merge evolutionary and ecological perspectives by linking trait plasticity to community dynamics, with particular attention on trait-mediated indirect interactions. Here, we review recent studies on inducible morphological plasticity in predators and their prey with an emphasis on internal and external constraints and how the nature of predatorprey interactions influences the expression of inducible phenotypes. In particular, we focus on multiple-trait plasticity, flexibility and modification of inducible plasticity, and reciprocal plasticity between predator and prey. Based on our arguments on these issues, we propose future research directions that should better integrate evolutionary and population studies and thus improve our understanding of the role of phenotypic plasticity in predator-prey population and community dynamics.3 Keywords

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Section: Modification By External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Modification By External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Modification By External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modification By External Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolutionary ecology of inducible morphological plasticity in predator–prey interaction: toward the practical links with population ecology

et al. 2009

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An inducible offense: carnivore morph tadpoles induced by tadpole carnivory

Levis

Buzón

Pfennig

2015

Ecology and Evolution

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Phenotypic plasticity is commonplace, and plasticity theory predicts that organisms should often evolve mechanisms to detect and respond to environmental cues that accurately predict future environmental conditions. Here, we test this prediction in tadpoles of spadefoot toads, Spea multiplicata. These tadpoles develop into either an omnivore ecomorph, which is a dietary generalist, or a carnivore ecomorph, which specializes on anostracan shrimp and other tadpoles. We investigated a novel proximate cue – ingestion of Scaphiopus tadpoles – and its propensity to produce carnivores by rearing tadpoles on different diets. We found that diets containing tadpoles from the genus Scaphiopus produced more carnivores than diets without Scaphiopus tadpoles. We discuss why Scaphiopus tadpoles are an excellent food source and why it is therefore advantageous for S. multiplicata tadpoles to produce an inducible offense that allows them to better utilize this resource. In general, such inducible offenses provide an excellent setting for investigating the proximate and evolutionary basis of phenotypic plasticity.

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Keystone nonconsumptive effects within a diverse predator community

Meadows

Owen

Snyder

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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The number of prey killed by diverse predator communities is determined by complementarity and interference among predators, and by traits of particular predator species. However, it is less clear how predators' nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) scale with increasing predator biodiversity. We examined NCEs exerted on Culex mosquitoes by a diverse community of aquatic predators. In the field, mosquito larvae co‐occurred with differing densities and species compositions of mesopredator insects; top predator dragonfly naiads were present in roughly half of surveyed water bodies. We reproduced these predator community features in artificial ponds, exposing mosquito larvae to predator cues and measuring resulting effects on mosquito traits throughout development. Nonconsumptive effects of various combinations of mesopredator species reduced the survival of mosquito larvae to pupation, and reduced the size and longevity of adult mosquitoes that later emerged from the water. Intriguingly, adding single dragonfly naiads to ponds restored survivorship of larval mosquitoes to levels seen in the absence of predators, and further decreased adult mosquito longevity compared with mosquitoes emerging from mesopredator treatments. Behavioral observations revealed that mosquito larvae regularly deployed “diving” escape behavior in the presence of the mesopredators, but not when a dragonfly naiad was also present. This suggests that dragonflies may have relaxed NCEs of the mesopredators by causing mosquitoes to abandon energetically costly diving. Our study demonstrates that adding one individual of a functionally unique species can substantially alter community‐wide NCEs of predators on prey. For pathogen vectors like mosquitoes, this could in turn influence disease dynamics.

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Top‐down effects on antagonistic inducible defense and offense

Cited by 46 publications

References 82 publications

Evolutionary ecology of inducible morphological plasticity in predator–prey interaction: toward the practical links with population ecology

Evolutionary ecology of inducible morphological plasticity in predator–prey interaction: toward the practical links with population ecology

An inducible offense: carnivore morph tadpoles induced by tadpole carnivory

Keystone nonconsumptive effects within a diverse predator community

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