Top-/bottom-soil ratios and enrichment factors: What do they really show?

Sucharová, Julie; Suchara, Ivan; Holá, Marie; Marikova, Sarka; Reimann, Clemens; Boyd, Rognvald; Filzmoser, Peter; Englmaier, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.09.025

Cited by 97 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Do these truly represent anthropogenic input? In a recent report, it has been shown that high EFs do not provide a reliable indication of the degree of human interference with the global environment [41]. In the report carried out in Czech Republic where five different elements were used as reference, the sequence of the EFs does not reflect the relative importance of the elements determined.…”

Section: Enrichment Factor and Index Of Geo-accumulationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Unlike the EFs, the I geo values are generally low (< 2) in all cases. In all the soils, the six metals fall within two I geo class based on Muller's [41] interpretation; moderate contamination (Pb, Cd and Ni) and uncontaminated to moderate contamination (Cu, Cr and Zn). This contamination can only result from anthropogenic activities considered to emanate from mechanic activities.…”

Section: Geoaccumulation Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The I geo values were calculated using the Muller's [41] ); 1.5 = the background matrix correction factor due to lithogenic effects. The I geo scale consists of seven grades (0 -6) ranging from uncontaminated to very highly contaminated ( Table 5).…”

Section: Geoaccumulation Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Assessment of Heavy-Metal Contamination in Soils within Auto-Mechanic Workshops Using Enrichment and Contamination Factors with Geoaccumulation Indexes

Ololade¹

2014

JEP

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Soil characterization and heavy metals in different layers (0 -15 cm; 15 -30 cm and 30 -45 cm depth) of automobile mechanic waste dumps were studied. The soils showed remarkably high levels of all the metals above background concentrations with most (Ni, Cu, Fe, Cr and Cd) decreasing with soil depth. The distribution pattern were in the following order Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd. Across all the sampling locations and profiles, Fe and Cd showed the highest (476.4 μg·g −1 ) and least (37.5 μg·g −1 ) mean concentrations respectively. Pollution load index (PLI) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) revealed overall high and moderate contamination respectively but the enrichment factors (EFs) for Pb Ni and Cd are severe. The inter-element relationship revealed the identical source of elements in the soils of the studied area. The accuracy of the results has been cheeked using the standard reference material; SRM (PACS-2). The mechanic waste dumps represent potential sources of heavy metal pollution to environment. The elevated levels of heavy metals in these soil profiles constitute a serious threat to both surface and groundwater.

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Section: Enrichment Factor and Index Of Geo-accumulationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Geoaccumulation Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Assessment of Heavy-Metal Contamination in Soils within Auto-Mechanic Workshops Using Enrichment and Contamination Factors with Geoaccumulation Indexes

Ololade¹

2014

JEP

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“…Typical ash content in humus samples collected from visibly undisturbed forest floor was respectively for pine and spruce stands 14 and 20% (Suchara & Sucharová, 2000). The highest difference in element contents between forest floor humus and bottom mineral soil was found for Cd, S, Hg, Se and Sb (Sucharová et al, 2012). In clean areas unaffected by dust fall from extraction of local row materials forest floor may be affected by bedrock chemistry via soil-plant-soil element cycling and by bioturbation of forest floor.…”

Section: Archived Long-term Deposition Loadsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Exception is higher accumulation of rock-derived Ba, and Cs and Rb, chemical analogues of Ca and K, in forest humus. More details about forest floor humus chemistry throughout the Czech Republic are available in literature (Suchara & Sucharová, 2002;Sucharová et al, 2011;Sucharová et al, 2012).…”

Section: Archived Long-term Deposition Loadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Changes in Atmospheric Deposition Rates Across The Czech Republic Estimated in The Selected Biomonitoring Campaigns. Examples of Results Available For Landscape Ecology and Land Use Planning

Suchara

Sucharová

Holá

2015

Journal of Landscape Ecology

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Several large-scale and fine-scale biomonitoring surveys were carried out in the Czech Republic to estimate current and long-term accumulated atmospheric deposition rates using moss, spruce bark and forest floor humus as bioindicators since the end of 1980s. The results of the bioindicator analyses significantly correlated with available figures of deposition rates detected at the EMEP or Czech national measurement stations.The moss monitoring programmes revealed position of about 7 hot spots of high deposition loads of about 35-40 elements and indicated spatiotemporal decrease in the element deposition rates caused by restructuralization of industry, desulphurization of coal power plants and ceased distribution of leaded petrol. The deposition loads of toxic and risk elements have significantly decreased since the end of 1980s; however, increasing atmospheric deposition rates of reactive nitrogen has been bioindicated recently. The fine-scale moss monitoring campaigns, for example, delimited deposition zones around selected emission sources, revealed changes in deposition rates after introducing new technologies or delimited contaminated area in the surroundings of a chlor-alkali plant after a catastrophic flood episode. Deposition ranges of main pollution sources were mapped depicting the aerial distribution of stable lead isotopic ratios in moss, because the isotopic ratios are highly specific for each pollution source.Monitoring the spruce bark parameters enabled to recognise the distribution of acid rain, dust and sulphate deposition rates and their spatiotemporal changes across the country between 1987 and 2010. The bark investigations along altitudinal profiles showed diminishing effect of air pollution on spruce bark parameters with increasing elevation. This phenomenon can be explained by a decreasing capacity of reduced tree crowns to trap air pollutants in the mountain environment.The mapping of element content in forest floor humus revealed position of long-term spots of high accumulation of industrial pollutants and Chernobyl-derived 137 Cs in forests. Knowledge of these hot spots is important for health and environmental protection mainly in the areas where most of the former emission sources were cancelled and the current low atmospheric deposition rates may make a false impression of the clean landscape.

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“Celtic migrations”: Fact or fiction? Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of the Czech cemeteries of Radovesice and Kutná Hora in Bohemia

Scheeres

Knipper

Hauschild

et al. 2014

American J Phys Anthropol

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Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of human remains from the early La Tène (fourth/third century BC) Czech cemeteries of Radovesice I (RAD I), Radovesice II (RAD II), and Kutná Hora were conducted to investigate the importance of residential changes during the period of the historic "Celtic migrations". In the initial phases (LT A/B), the grave goods of these cemeteries are typical for the core area of the La Tène culture, while around 300 BC (LT B2) an alteration occurs and typical Bohemian styles arise, and connections to Moravia and the Danubian region become visible. The strontium isotope ratios are highly varied with (87) Sr/(86) Sr values between 0.7062 and 0.7153 in Radovesice, and between 0.7082 and 0.7147 in Kutná Hora. The oxygen isotope data are more homogeneous and yield δ(18) Op ratios from 14.8‰ to 17.2‰ [mean: 16.2‰ ± 0.5 (1σ)] in Radovesice, and from 14.9‰ to 17.3‰ [mean: 16.5‰ ± 0.6 (1σ)] in Kutná Hora. Because the geological properties of the landscapes around the sites are variable and complex, most of the observed variations among the strontium isotope ratios may have been caused by agricultural practices, such as regularly changing farming land. Nevertheless, there are some individuals who differ completely from the regional isotopic baseline values. This suggests that at least a small part of the community migrated, which does not seem to be correlated with any particular phase of the La Tène period. Remarkably, it is mainly males who seem to be of nonlocal origin, and particularly those who were buried as warriors. Females, on the other hand, appear to have been more closely bonded to the Bohemian region. Whether the "foreign" individuals with differing isotopic compositions came from Moravia or the Danubian region remains debatable.

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Top-/bottom-soil ratios and enrichment factors: What do they really show?

Cited by 97 publications

References 20 publications

An Assessment of Heavy-Metal Contamination in Soils within Auto-Mechanic Workshops Using Enrichment and Contamination Factors with Geoaccumulation Indexes

An Assessment of Heavy-Metal Contamination in Soils within Auto-Mechanic Workshops Using Enrichment and Contamination Factors with Geoaccumulation Indexes

Spatiotemporal Changes in Atmospheric Deposition Rates Across The Czech Republic Estimated in The Selected Biomonitoring Campaigns. Examples of Results Available For Landscape Ecology and Land Use Planning

“Celtic migrations”: Fact or fiction? Strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of the Czech cemeteries of Radovesice and Kutná Hora in Bohemia

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