Tools for the Characterization of Biomass at the Nanometer Scale

Beecher, James F.; Hunt, Christopher G.; Zhu, Junyong

doi:10.1002/9781444307474.ch3

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 146 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…It indicates that the pores with size smaller than 5.1 nm are probably not productive for ASA, although they can contribute to the SSA. Besides, the ink‐bottle effect occurring for a large pore connected to a small opening also can limit the ASA of the substrate, since the enzyme cannot get into it 131.…”

Section: Effects Of Chemical and Physical Features Of Biomass On Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another problem with this technique involves drying the substrate, which causes different surface characteristics compared with the substrate in its swollen state 65. Several methods can be used to measure the interior surface area of substrates, such as small angle X‐ray scattering, mercury porosimetry, water vapor sorption, size exclusion, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 130,131. In particular, the solute exclusion technique developed by Stone and Scallan135 has been well used to investigate the pore characteristics of the substrates or pulps 112,136–138.…”

Section: Effects Of Chemical and Physical Features Of Biomass On Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomass recalcitrance. Part I: the chemical compositions and physical structures affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose

Zhao

Zhang

Liu

2012

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

801

492

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Lignocellulosic biomass is recalcitrant to biodegradation due to the rigid and compact structure of plant cell wall. The recalcitrance of biomass is mainly constructed by its chemical compositions that build a spatial network as a protective bulwark. Generally, the factors affecting the accessibility of biomass cellulose can be divided into direct and indirect factors. The direct factors refer to the accessible surface area, and the indirect factors include biomass structure‐relevant factors (pore size and volume, particle size, and specific surface area), chemical compositions (lignin, hemicelluloses, and acetyl group), and cellulose structure‐relevant factors (cellulose crystallinity and degree of polymerization). Pre‐treatment is actually the process to alter indirect factors and improve direct factors thus enhancing the accessibility of cellulose. In this review, we summarize the effects of chemical compositions and physical structures on the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic biomass. We suggest that future work should be focused on but not limited to the molecular mechanisms of biomass recalcitrance by investigating the microscale and nanoscale features as well as hydrogen bonds network of lignocellulosic biomass. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Section: Effects Of Chemical and Physical Features Of Biomass On Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Chemical and Physical Features Of Biomass On Its mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass recalcitrance. Part I: the chemical compositions and physical structures affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose

Zhao

Zhang

Liu

2012

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

801

492

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In recent years, many mechanical studies, primarily addressing the cell and cell wall level of plant body, have enlightened important structure-property and structure-function relationships (Fratzl and Weinkamer, 2007). Such advances in biomechanics have been possible due to the development of new technologies allowing mechanical and chemical analysis of surfaces with submicronic or nanometric lateral resolution Beecher et al, 2009;Tetard et al, 2011;Burgert and Keplinger, 2013). Such methodologies used to map the various properties of plants at the submicron scale are reported in Table 1.…”

Section: Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

et al. 2018

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Ethanol production using extracted cellulose from plant cell walls (PCW) is a very promising approach to biofuel production. However, efficient throughput has been hindered by the phenomenon of recalcitrance, leading to high costs for the lignocellulosic conversion. To overcome recalcitrance, it is necessary to understand the chemical and structural properties of the plant biological materials, which have evolved to generate the strong and cohesive features observed in plants. Therefore, tools and methods that allow the investigation of how the different molecular components of PCW are organized and distributed and how this impacts the mechanical properties of the plants are needed but challenging due to the molecular and morphological complexity of PCW. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), capitalizing on the interfacial nanomechanical forces, encompasses a suite of measurement modalities for nondestructive material characterization. Here, we present a review focused on the utilization of AFM for imaging and determination of physical properties of plant-based specimens. The presented review encompasses the AFM derived techniques for topography imaging (AM-AFM), mechanical properties (QFM), and surface/subsurface (MSAFM, HPFM) chemical composition imaging. In particular, the motivation and utility of force microscopy of plant cell walls from the early fundamental investigations to achieve a better understanding of the cell wall architecture, to the recent studies for the sake of advancing the biofuel research are discussed. An example of delignification protocol is described and the changes in morphology, chemical composition and mechanical properties and their correlation at the nanometer scale along the process are illustrated.

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“…Inaccessible pore volume was determined as previously outlined. 18 Samples were performed in technical triplicate. Enzyme Binding.…”

Section: ■ Methods and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the never-dried samples, the slope of the linear relationship was less than one, indicating WRV measurements were higher than the equivalent inaccessible volume measurement. This is important, because one of the limitations of the solute exclusion method resides in the inability for water in porous regions with nonuniform or narrow openings to interact with the dextran probes during the soluteexclusion technique, 18 while WRV accounts for water localized within porous regions of irregular geometries. 26 After oven drying, the slope between inaccessible volume and WRV was effectively unity, indicating that the solute exclusion and WRV techniques quantify similar cell wall properties after oven drying.…”

Section: ■ Methods and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relating Nanoscale Accessibility within Plant Cell Walls to Improved Enzyme Hydrolysis Yields in Corn Stover Subjected to Diverse Pretreatments

Crowe¹,

Zarger²,

Hodge

2017

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Simultaneous chemical modification and physical reorganization of plant cell walls via alkaline hydrogen peroxide or liquid hot water pretreatment can alter cell wall structural properties impacting nanoscale porosity. Nanoscale porosity was characterized using solute exclusion to assess accessible pore volumes, water retention value as a proxy for accessible water−cell walls surface area, and solute-induced cell wall swelling to measure cell wall rigidity. Key findings concluded that delignification by alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment decreased cell wall rigidity and that the subsequent cell wall swelling resulted increased nanoscale porosity and improved enzyme binding and hydrolysis compared to limited swelling and increased accessible surface areas observed in liquid hot water pretreated biomass. The volume accessible to a 90 Å dextran probe within the cell wall was found to be correlated to both enzyme binding and glucose hydrolysis yields, indicating cell wall porosity is a key contributor to effective hydrolysis yields.

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Tools for the Characterization of Biomass at the Nanometer Scale

Cited by 21 publications

References 146 publications

Biomass recalcitrance. Part I: the chemical compositions and physical structures affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose

Biomass recalcitrance. Part I: the chemical compositions and physical structures affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose

Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

Relating Nanoscale Accessibility within Plant Cell Walls to Improved Enzyme Hydrolysis Yields in Corn Stover Subjected to Diverse Pretreatments

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