Tool eccentricity in friction stir welding: a comprehensive review

Shah, L. H.; Walbridge, Scott; Gerlich, A.P.

doi:10.1080/13621718.2019.1573010

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…13a). In-plane forces oscillation is associated with the eccentricity of the process [36] introduced by the system, the tool, and the interaction with the material to be welded [37]. Hence, during its period, the tool is making two different movement associates with the rotation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastic behavior-dependent weldability of heat-treatable aluminum alloys in friction stir welding

Ambrosio

Wagner

Dessein

et al. 2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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The quality of friction stir welding joints is intimately related to the correct mixing of the stirred material. The material flow is strongly dependent on the plastic behavior of the welded alloy. For this reason, the friction stir weldability depends on the structure, microstructure and chemical composition of the base material. In this work, in-plane forces and acoustic emission signals were monitored while welding two heat-treatable aluminum alloys. The forces evolutions suggested possible continuous and intermittent material flow during friction stir welding depending on the welding parameters. The differences observed in the in-plane forces were corroborated by acoustic emission, confirming the modification in the material flow phenomenology. Therefore, differences observed in aluminum alloys' friction stir weldability are due to the plastic behavior at high temperature and medium-high strain rate. The higher the deformability of the aluminum alloys, the wider the weldability window in friction stir welding because of continuous material flow in an extended range of process parameters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastic behavior-dependent weldability of heat-treatable aluminum alloys in friction stir welding

Ambrosio

Wagner

Dessein

et al. 2021

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…The former studies suggested that during FSW process, a large proportion of F x and F y is generated owing to the interaction between the probe and material, and more than 90% of F z is caused by the compression action from the shoulder on the workpiece [25]. The periodic oscillation of the welding forces is closely related to the eccentric motion of the tool, the tool probe profiles and the periodic variation of interfacial sticking and slipping during the welding process [20,26,27]. Generally, to the FSW process controlling tool plunging depth as constant, the stabilization of the welding forces and their waveforms indicates the heat generation, material flow and weld formation are essentially stable, which are beneficial to the quality of the weld [28].…”

Section: Welding Force Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is mainly because the heat generation and welding thermal cycle depend not only on the welding parameters [17], but also the interface frictional conditions, hot plastic deformation, heat transfer, etc., during the welding process [18,19]. It is worth noting that FSW is a mechanically metallurgical process, and the above key points may be highly responded by the variation of welding forces generated due to the interactions of the tool and the workpiece [20]. Thus, this offers the potential to predict the characteristics of M-A constituents and impact toughness of SZ with higher accuracy when considering the force features and further gives a guide for developing the strategy to modifying M-A constituents and improving the toughness of SZ in FSW joint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of M–A Constituents and Impact Toughness in Stir Zone of X80 Pipeline Steel Friction Stir Welds

Wang

et al. 2022

Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.)

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This study explored a strategy for predicting the proportion of martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents and impact toughness of stir zone (SZ) on X80 pipeline steel joints welded by friction stir welding (FSW). It is found that the welding forces, including the traverse force (F x ), the lateral force (F y ) and the plunge force (F z ), are the key variables related to the change of welding parameters and influence remarkably the characteristics of M-A constituents and impact toughness of SZ. The impact toughness of SZ is commonly lower than that of the base material due to the formation of lath bainite and coarsening of austenite. The characteristics of M-A constituents in SZ are sensitive to the variation of welding parameters and respond well to the change of welding forces. The proportion of small island M-A constituents increases with the decrease in rotational speed and the increase in F z . The increase in the amount of island M-A constituents is beneficial to improve the impact toughness of SZ. Based on the above findings, a machine learning (ML) model for predicting the M-A constituents and impact toughness is constructed using the force features as the input data set. The force data-driven ML model can predict the M-A constituents and impact toughness precisely and exhibits higher accuracy than ML built with welding parameters. It is believed that the high accuracy is achieved because the force features include more details of FSW process, such as the heat generation, material flow, plastic deformation, and so on, which govern the microstructural evolution of SZ during FSW.

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“…摩擦攪拌接合および点接合用ツールの形状には，特にプローブの断面形状に注目した場合，円形型と非円形型に大別することができる 1,2) ．プローブの断面が非円形型の場合，プローブの先端や外周のエッジ部が切削工具における切れ刃のような働きをすることが報告されている [3][4][5] ．この中で，摩擦攪拌点接合(以下，FSSW )において，接合材料を切りくず状にしながら排出し [6][7][8]…”

Section: 緒言unclassified

Influence of Material Adhered to Welding Tool in Consideration of Shape of Cutting Tools on Friction Stir Spot Welds

Ikuta

2021

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY

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This paper investigates the influence of the presence or absence of material adhered to the tool in A5052/A6061 lap joints when friction stir spot welding tools with cutting edges and rake angles similar to a cutting tool are used. The main focus was the inflection of material flows by the behavior of the material adhered to the tool during the friction stir spot welding. The failure load of friction stir spot lap joints made using tools with adhered material was more than 1.5 times higher than those made using tools without adhered material in some welding conditions. At this time, it was clear that the ability of the tool to discharge chips did not change irrespective of whether or not there was adhered material. In addition, the material flows during friction stir spot welding, with or without adhered material, were the material flow made by the chips in the keyhole edge and the material flow made by the cutting edge of the tip of the probe in the keyhole corner. However, when tools with adhered material were used, the material flow in the keyhole corner produced not only a flow of welding material but also a flow of adhered material stirred inside the welding material. From the results, when these tools with adhered material are used, it is clear that the adhered material assists the flows inside of the welding material, and can improve the characteristics of friction stir spot welds.

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Tool eccentricity in friction stir welding: a comprehensive review

Cited by 24 publications

References 103 publications

Plastic behavior-dependent weldability of heat-treatable aluminum alloys in friction stir welding

Plastic behavior-dependent weldability of heat-treatable aluminum alloys in friction stir welding

Prediction of M–A Constituents and Impact Toughness in Stir Zone of X80 Pipeline Steel Friction Stir Welds

Influence of Material Adhered to Welding Tool in Consideration of Shape of Cutting Tools on Friction Stir Spot Welds

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