Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells incorporated in reactive oxygen species-releasing hydrogel promote bone formation by increasing the translocation of cell surface GRP78

Injectable reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-controlling hydrogels for tissue regeneration: current status and future perspectives

“…In another study, they continued to use HRP/GOx dual enzyme system to regulate the aging process of MSCs for enhancing the efficiency of MSC-based therapies ( Fig. 9C ) [ 125 ]. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a specific senescence marker of MSCs, and the loss of GRP78 leads to age-related diseases.…”

Biochemical and functional characterization of skeletal muscle cells differentiated from tonsil‐derived mesenchymal stem cells

“…TMSCs can differentiate into multilineage cell types, such as fat, cartilage, bone, and muscle, and Schwann-like, neuronal, liver, insulinsecreting, and parathyroid hormone-secreting cells. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] TMSCs have been reported to be suitable as potential therapeutic tools in regenerative medicine because of their low immunogenicity, availability, and excellent proliferation rate and differentiation ability. In particular, the proliferation rate of TMSCs has been reported to be higher than that of bone marrow-derived MSCs or adipose-derived MSCs, with the average doubling time of TMSCs being approximately 40 hours at passages 15 through 25.…”

“…In particular, the proliferation rate of TMSCs has been reported to be higher than that of bone marrow-derived MSCs or adipose-derived MSCs, with the average doubling time of TMSCs being approximately 40 hours at passages 15 through 25. 12,15 Thus, TMSCs may have potential in the development of cell therapy products for the treatment of human diseases. We have successfully differentiated TMSCs into SKMCs (TMSC-SKMCs) and confirmed the characteristics of the differentiated cells and their therapeutic effects in animal models of disease.…”

“…Tonsil‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) can be isolated from palatine tonsils collected as “waste” tissue during a tonsillectomy and exhibit self‐renewal capacity and immunomodulatory characteristics. TMSCs can differentiate into multilineage cell types, such as fat, cartilage, bone, and muscle, and Schwann‐like, neuronal, liver, insulin‐secreting, and parathyroid hormone–secreting cells 11–17 . TMSCs have been reported to be suitable as potential therapeutic tools in regenerative medicine because of their low immunogenicity, availability, and excellent proliferation rate and differentiation ability.…”

“…TMSCs have been reported to be suitable as potential therapeutic tools in regenerative medicine because of their low immunogenicity, availability, and excellent proliferation rate and differentiation ability. In particular, the proliferation rate of TMSCs has been reported to be higher than that of bone marrow–derived MSCs or adipose‐derived MSCs, with the average doubling time of TMSCs being approximately 40 hours at passages 15 through 25 12,15 . Thus, TMSCs may have potential in the development of cell therapy products for the treatment of human diseases.…”