Tongue Structure and Function

Sokoloff, Alan J.; Burkholder, Thomas J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4466-4_12

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…For the iLo (Figure 4 and Figure 5; * mark), we thought that the * mark in Figure 4 and Figure 5 partly indicated the socalled "iLo," based on a comparison of the results from a human case [30], but we could not find a similar published result for a mouse case. In relation to this finding, Sokoloff [38] also showed that the posterior intrinsic muscle fibers of the iLo and sLo could have attachments to the hyoid bone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The arrowheads in Figure 1(B No special name was given previously but a few observations were published [38]. These muscle fascicles appeared to have the function of collecting up the sLo, so we used the temporary name "mST.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These problems 1) -4) can only be resolved by additional research, such as obtaining histological proof, but we would like to emphasize that 3D images of the tongue muscle are more helpful than 2D from an integrated perspective as well as an analytical one. Our consideration of these problems from another point of view also led to the conclusion that the fiber architecture [38] is important: the muscular hydrostat model is one example [21] [39]. On the other hand, recent advances in the field of cell engineering, by Okuda [40], for example, now allow modeling of cell proliferation for simulating three-dimensional tissue morphogenesis based on a reversible network reconnection framework.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-Dimensional Architecture of the Tongue Muscles by Micro-CT with a Focus on the Longitudinal Muscle

Aoyagi

Iwasaki²,

Asami³

2015

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The purpose of this study was to show the benefit of visualizing a tree-dimensional (3D) image of the tongue's muscle structure, which until now has been regarded as fully understood. Until now, no suitable 3D observation methods have been developed for soft tissue, such as the tongue, using histological magnification. For this purpose, this study used a micro-computed tomographic method (micro-CT) and image processing after the fixation, decalcification, and dehydration of a mouse tongue. Results: 3D rendered images of tongue muscles obtained by micro-CT showed every muscle and their relationships to each other. The superior longitudinal and the hyoglossus muscles of the tongue made up one group, while the inferior longitudinal and the styloglossus muscles of the tongue made up another. The boundary of the two muscles in each group was difficult to distinguish. On the other hand, what appear to be newly described muscles were identified. These results indicate that our micro-CT method is beneficial and that classical knowledge of tongue muscles derived from two-dimensional (2D) images does not fully describe the actual complexity of the tongue muscles. In our opinion, 3D rendered images mixed with raw structure can provide a more in-depth picture of the tongue from an integrated as well as an analytical perspective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-Dimensional Architecture of the Tongue Muscles by Micro-CT with a Focus on the Longitudinal Muscle

Aoyagi

Iwasaki²,

Asami³

2015

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“…In addition, some hypoglossal axons were truncated and less tightly bundled in the V and T tongue muscles of Runx1 − / − ::Tg mice [Fig. (J,O,P); Sokoloff and Burkholder, ]. These results suggest that Runx1 in ventrocaudal hypoglossal neurons mediates axonal pathfinding to the V and T tongue muscles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Contribution of the Runx1 transcription factor to axonal pathfinding and muscle innervation by hypoglossal motoneurons

Yoshikawa

Hirabayashi

Ito

et al. 2015

Developmental Neurobiology

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The runt-related transcription factor Runx1 contributes to cell type specification and axonal targeting projections of the nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons. Runx1 is also expressed in the central nervous system, but little is known of its functions in brain development. At mouse embryonic day (E) 17.5, Runx1-positive neurons were detected in the ventrocaudal subdivision of the hypoglossal nucleus. Runx1-positive neurons lacked calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression, whereas Runx1-negative neurons expressed CGRP. Expression of CGRP was not changed in Runx1-deficient mice at E17.5, suggesting that Runx1 alone does not suppress CGRP expression. Hypoglossal axon projections to the intrinsic vertical (V) and transverse (T) tongue muscles were sparser in Runx1-deficient mice at E17.5 compared to age-matched wild-type littermates. Concomitantly, vesicular acetylcholine transporter-positive axon terminals and acetylcholine receptor clusters were less dense in the V and T tongue muscles of Runx1-deficient mice. These abnormalities in axonal projection were not caused by a reduction in the total number hypoglossal neurons, failed synaptogenesis, or tongue muscles deficits. Our results implicate Runx1 in the targeting of ventrocaudal hypoglossal axons to specific tongue muscles. However, Runx1 deficiency did not alter neuronal survival or the expression of multiple motoneuron markers as in other neuronal populations. Thus, Runx1 appears to have distinct developmental functions in different brain regions.

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“…This division was made by emphasizing two functions: the first function joins the dorsal and floor parts; and the second function joins the lateral and dorsal parts. In connection with the types of Ve, Sokoloff and Smith (2013) [33] showed three types of Ve in rat through diagrammatic representations. The results of this study align with our results.…”

Section: Results Of Observations Of Tr Ve and Gementioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Architecture of the Mouse Tongue Muscles Using Micro-CT with a Focus on the Transverse, Vertical, and Genioglossus Muscles

Aoyagi¹,

Iwasaki²,

Asami³

2015

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Background: The suitability of micro-computed tomography (CT) for soft tissue applications has been well documented. Although the application of micro-CT to the three dimensional (3D) structure of the tongue muscle has been reported, a 3D rendering and/or a schematic view of the tongue muscle has yet to be published. Material and Method: First, muse tongues were fixed and decalcified, and then the vertical muscle (Ve), the transverse muscle (Tr), and/or the genioglossus muscle of the mouse tongue (Ge) were analyzed using micro-CT and are shown in this report in rendered images and pattern diagrams. Results: 1) The Tr is classified into three parts: the first part extends from the middle to the apical part of the tongue; the second part is strongly connected to the superior longitudinal muscles of the tongue (Lo); the third part fans out from the middle to the root of the tongue. 2) The Ve is classified into two main groups: the first group joins the dorsal and the lateral parts of the tongue; the second group joins the dorsal part and the floor of the tongue. 3) Ge is classified into four parts: three parts comprise the Ge apical and middle parts of the tongue, with one part in the inferior longitudinal muscles of the tongue, one joining the lingual septum of the tongue (LS), and the other joining the sub-surface of the dorsal part of the Lo. The remaining Ge exits in a fan-like manner through the root of the tongue and then joins the Tr.

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Tongue Structure and Function

Cited by 11 publications

References 81 publications

Three-Dimensional Architecture of the Tongue Muscles by Micro-CT with a Focus on the Longitudinal Muscle

Three-Dimensional Architecture of the Tongue Muscles by Micro-CT with a Focus on the Longitudinal Muscle

Contribution of the Runx1 transcription factor to axonal pathfinding and muscle innervation by hypoglossal motoneurons

Three-Dimensional Architecture of the Mouse Tongue Muscles Using Micro-CT with a Focus on the Transverse, Vertical, and Genioglossus Muscles

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