Tongiaki to Kalia: The Micronesian-rigged voyaging-canoes of Fiji and Western Polynesia and their Tangaloan-rigged forebear

Abstract

The long watertight boards (tau) covering each end of the canoe hull forward and aft of the washstrake-box upon which the platform is raised. Fish: To secure the scarf joint connecting the masthead to the mast or that linking yard and boom components together by laying two or more long fish/fishingpieces (reinforcing rods) across the joint and tightly woolding or binding the assembly together. Damaged outrigger cross-booms were sometimes strengthened in this way. Fore-and-aft: Aligned between bow and stern, forward and backward. Grommet: A tightly whipped rope ring attached to the foot of the yard, into which the foot of the boom was inserted. Gunwale: Upper edge of the open canoe well. Applicable to Fijian and Western Polynesian paddling-canoes but not platform-surmounted voyaging canoes Halyard: The rope(s) attached to the yard of a Micronesian-rigged canoe to support the sail and enable it to be raised and lowered. Heel: The foot or lower end of a canoe mast or yard. Jack-staff: A short detachable staff on which a flag or other emblem is flown. Jibe: To swing the sail from one side of the mast to the other. Keel: The strong hardwood spine (takele) upon which the hull was built. Lee: The side opposite to that from which the wind is blowing. Leeward: To or beyond the lee or downwind side. Outrigger: Conventionally, the lattice and float assembly projecting out to the port side of an outrigger-canoe to stabilise it. Technically and historically, the huasi 'balance/rigging-beam/spar' that extended out beyond the side(s) of a Tangaloan-rigged canoe was also an outrigger. Platform: See Deck. Port: Historically larboard: the left-hand or outrigger (hama) side of the canoe, looking towards the bow. Prow: The bow of the canoe. Quarter: In terms of an approaching sea, between bow and beam, or beam and stern. Rake: The slant of a mast. Rig: The way in which mast, sail and rigging are arranged. Rigging: The ropes and lines whereby mast and sail are secured and controlled. On European vessels, "standing rigging" supports the mast and "running rigging" moves and controls the sails. In Tangaloan and Micronesian-rigged canoes the stays and shrouds required constant adjustment, so all of the rigging was running rigging. Scarf: To join the ends of two adjoining timbers by notching, halving, or sloping the ends to fit them together, thereby strengthening the joint. Scull: To row by working and twisting an oar from side to side, rather than pulling it backward in the European way. Sculling is an old Asian technique. Sheet: The long rope attached to the boom to control the sail's movement and alignment. Shift tack: To transfer the tack/foot of the sail from one end of the hull to the other when tacking in the Micronesian way. This term is coined here because the popularised "shunt" (deviate?) does not properly define the procedure in English.

Weaving CLES-FS and talanoa to capture Fijian student's science learnings: Exploring possibilities

“…It carries CLES-FS and the talanoa research method to explore Fijian students' perceptions of the constructivist learning environment in science classrooms. The main hull of the Camakau has a round bottom and is made from a dugout log of a tree called Vesi (Clunie, 2015). The hull symbolises the epistemological and ontological positioning of the research which acknowledges iTaukei as well as Fijian-Indian knowledge, language, and worldviews.…”

The Mataisau Clan of Fiji: Roles and Responsibilities

“…Although the vesi tree was the supreme hull-building timber, according to Clunie other hardwoods such as dilo (genus Calophyllum), tarawau (Dysoxylum), and tavola (Terminalia) could be used. 22 In some instances, bamboo was used instead of hardwood. 23 It was common knowledge among the mataisau that at least twenty different species of plants were used in the construction of a Fijian camakau (sea-going outrigger canoe).…”

“…During pre-colonial days, sail mats were woven by the women of Yasawa in northwest Fiji. 25 Women played a key role in the canoe-making industry, and most of them had close affiliation with the mataisau clan. Nemani provides a case study in the province of Namosi, where the gathering of natural resources for the building of their traditional meeting house (valenivanua) took place in 1935.…”