Tone Sandhi and Tonal Coarticulation in Tianjin Chinese

Zhang, Jie; Liu, Jiang

doi:10.1159/000333387

Cited by 60 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This is consistent with the findings of previous productivity studies, which reveal that phonologically transparent patterns are more productive than phonologically opaque patterns (Zhang & Lai, 2010;Zhang & Liu, 2011;Zhang & Meng, 2016;among other). Psycholinguistic studies also show that underlying primes have a facilitation effect for transparent sandhi, such as Mandarin T3 sandhi; and surface primes have a greater facilitation effect than underlying primes in opaque and phonotactically discouraged sandhi, such as Taiwanese 51 → 55 sandhi (phonotactically 51 may occur in the non-phrase final position due to the 21 → 51 sandhi) (Chien, Sereno, & Zhang, 2016a;Chien, Sereno, & Zhang, 2016b).…”

Section: Comparison Between Shanghai and Wuxi Tone Sandhi Variationsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Zhang & Liu (2011) further confirmed the limited application of T4+T4 sandhi from 12 Tianjin speakers (average age: 34.3).…”

Section: Variation In Tone Sandhisupporting

confidence: 67%

“…Recent productivity studies have shown that the Chinese sandhi patterns are not entirely productive in novel words. Most of these studies have been conducted in right-dominant sandhi systems, such as Taiwanese (Hsieh, 1970;Wang, 1993;Zhang & Lai, 2008;Zhang, Lai, & Sailor, 2011), Mandarin (Zhang & Lai, 2010), and Tianjin (Zhang & Liu, 2011). These studies indicate that opacity 10 has an effect on sandhi productivity, as Taiwanese tone sandhi, which involves a circular chain shift, is not entirely productive, while transparent sandhi processes in Mandarin and Tianjin have been shown to be more productive.…”

Section: Trisyllablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu

Yan¹

2018

Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics

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The primary goal of this dissertation is to understand the variation patterns in suprasegmental processes and what factors influence the patterns. To answer the questions, we investigated the variation patterns of tone sandhi in the Shanghai and Wuxi Wu dialects of Chinese.Shanghai disyllables and trisyllables have been documented to have two different sandhi patterns: tonal extension and tonal reduction. Some items can only undergo tonal extension, some items can only undergo tonal reduction, and some can variably undergo either type of sandhi. Previous works have indicated that the syntactic structure, semantic transparency, and lexical frequency of the items all play a role in the sandhi application.Additionally, the morpheme length of trisyllabic items (1+2, 2+1) is also expected to affect their sandhi application.A variant forms' goodness rating experiment, together with a lexical frequency rating experiment and a semantic transparency rating experiment, showed that syntactic structure has a primary effect on sandhi application in general. It overrides the effect of semantic transparency, especially in modifier-noun items. The nature of the lexical frequency effect in Shanghai is related to the syntactic structure of the lexical item. Morpheme length effect is not found.Wuxi disyllables and trisyllables also have been observed to have two different sandhi patterns: tonal substitution and no sandhi. Some items can only apply tonal substitution, and some can apply either form variably. Syntactic structure and semantic transparency have been iv reported to affect Wuxi sandhi application, and morpheme length is also expected to have an effect in trisyllabic sandhi application.The three rating experiments conducted in Wuxi found that due to the lexical listedness of the opaque substitution pattern, frequency influences both modifier-noun and verb-noun positively, although modifier-noun prefers tonal substitution form more. Semantic transparency effect is only apparent for verb-noun disyllables. Moreover, morpheme length also distinguishes sandhi application between 1+2 and 2+1 modifier-noun items.In all, by using quantitative rating experiments, the present study shows that tone sandhi variation is regulated by both grammatical factors, such as syntactic structure, morpheme length, phonological opacity, and nongrammatical factors, such as lexical frequency.v

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Section: Comparison Between Shanghai and Wuxi Tone Sandhi Variationsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Zhang & Liu (2011) further confirmed the limited application of T4+T4 sandhi from 12 Tianjin speakers (average age: 34.3).…”

Section: Variation In Tone Sandhisupporting

confidence: 67%

Section: Trisyllablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu

Yan¹

2018

Frontiers in Chinese Linguistics

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“…Acoustic data has recently become available (Zhang & Liu 2011, Wang & Lin 2017, showing that T1 has become 41 and the traditionally described T1+T1 rule in (1a) has been changed in current Tianjin speech to T1+T1àT2+T1. Since T1 has become 41, we use Chao number (21) instead of T1 to indicate the sandhi outputs of T3+T2 and T3 +T4 rules.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) Two newly reported rules (Wee 2004, Zhang & Liu 2011 a. T3 + T2 à T1 + T2 cf. T3 + T2 à 21 + T2 (Wang & Lin 2017) b. T3 + T4 à T1 + T4 T3 + T4 à 21 + T4 Zhang & Liu (2011) and Li & Chen (2016) indicate that (1d) does not apply in disyllabic sequences.…”

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confidence: 99%

A unified approach to Tianjin trisyllabic tone sandhi: Metrical conditions and tonal complexity

Wang

Lin

2017

Proc Ling Soc Amer

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Abstract. Tianjin (Chinese) exhibits complex interactions among its disyllabic tone sandhi rules, leading to both left-to-right and right-to-left rule applications in trisyllabic sequences (cf. Chen 1986, X. Wang 2003. Which directionality to adopt for each particular trisyllabic sequence is arbitrary and cannot be accounted for by any known principles. Based on data from a recent acoustic study, our phonological analysis demonstrates that the seemingly ungoverned directionality is only apparent and that Tianjin tone sandhi rules apply only from left to right when both metrical and tonal complexity conditions are satisfied, thereby providing a unified account.

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Tones, Tonal Phonology, and Tone Sandhi

Zhang¹

2014

The Handbook of Chinese Linguistics

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Tone Sandhi and Tonal Coarticulation in Tianjin Chinese

Cited by 60 publications

References 42 publications

The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu

The Nature of Variation in Tone Sandhi Patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu

A unified approach to Tianjin trisyllabic tone sandhi: Metrical conditions and tonal complexity

Tones, Tonal Phonology, and Tone Sandhi

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