Tomato Quality Classification Based on Transfer Learning Feature Extraction and Machine Learning Algorithm Classifiers

Abstract

The demand for high-quality tomatoes to meet consumer and market standards, combined with large-scale production, has necessitated the development of an inline quality grading. Since manual grading is time-consuming, costly, and requires a substantial amount of labor. This study introduces a novel approach for tomato quality sorting and grading, focusing specifically on the color feature of tomato images. The method leverages pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for feature extraction and traditional machine-learning algorithms for classification (hybrid model). The single-board computer NVIDIA Jetson TX1 was used to create a tomato image dataset. Image preprocessing and fine-tuning techniques were applied to enable deep layers to learn and concentrate on complex and significant features. The extracted features were then classified using traditional machine learning algorithms namely: support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifiers. Among the proposed hybrid models, the CNN-SVM method has outperformed other hybrid approaches, attaining an accuracy of 97.50% in the binary classification of tomatoes as healthy or rejected and 96.67% in the multiclass classification of them as ripe, unripe, or rejected when Inceptionv3 was used as feature extractor. Once another dataset (public dataset) was used, the proposed hybrid model CNN-SVM achieved an accuracy of 97.54% in categorizing tomatoes as ripe, unripe, old, or damaged outperforming other hybrid models when Inceptionv3 was used as a feature extractor. The performance metrics accuracy, recall, precision, specificity, and F1-score of the best-performing proposed hybrid model were evaluated.INDEX TERMS Grading, feature extraction, machine learning algorithms, tomato, and image preprocessing.