Toluidine blue for the intraoperative staining of the ureters. Studies on the safe administration in rats

Abstract

In rats, intravenous injection of 0.4 mg TB/kg was sufficient for the intraoperative staining of the urinary tract without the risk of severe cardiovascular and hemodynamic side effects. Provided our results are transferable to humans, the administration of low TB doses could allow its safer clinical use for the intraoperative visualization of the ureters.