Toluene. A toxicologic review.

Kh, Cohr; Stokholm, Jens

doi:10.5271/sjweh.2664

Cited by 89 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In reviews of toluene toxicity (12,20,27) several studies are listed concerning the irritative effects of toluene. The evidence is ambiguous, however.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Human response to controlled levels of toluene in six-hour exposures.

Andersen¹,

Lundqvist²,

Mølhave³

et al. 1983

Scand J Work Environ Health

119

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“…In reviews of toluene toxicity (12,20,27) several studies are listed concerning the irritative effects of toluene. The evidence is ambiguous, however.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biological effects of toluene are well documented (12,20,27). The narcotic and neurotoxic properties of this substance represent the main health hazards, but in very few studies have human subjects been exposed to toluene under controlled conditions and during periods comparable to a workday.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human response to controlled levels of toluene in six-hour exposures.

Andersen¹,

Lundqvist²,

Mølhave³

et al. 1983

Scand J Work Environ Health

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In this work environment, toluene comes into contact with the skin and the respiratory tract primarily in the form of vapors or liquid. On the average, 50% of inhaled toluene vapor is absorbed by the lung (Cohr and Stokholm, 1979). Absorbed toluene is rapidly distributed through the blood to the tissues and organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toluene-induced oxidative stress in several brain regions and other organs

Mattia

Ali

Bondy

1993

Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology

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“…Urinary excretion rates of hippuric acid (Cohr and Stokholm 1979) and mandelic acid (Sedivec et al 1983;Senczuk and Orlowski 1978) were obtained from human experiments (0.347 h A1 and 0.231 h A1 , respectively). The background level of hippuric acid was assumed to be 0.5 g/g creatinine.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainties in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models caused by several input parameters

Jang¹,

Droz²,

Chung³

1999

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Objective: One of the problems in the application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models is that authors often use di erent input parameters, with unknown in¯uence on the results. Di erences in the simulation results obtained with various sets of parameters are examined herein. Method: Chemicals considered were perchloroethylene, toluene, and styrene. Simulations of alveolar concentrations, blood concentrations, and urinary metabolite excretions were performed for the three solvents. The input parameters discussed herein are physiological values, metabolic constants, and partition coe cients. The inuence of metabolic constants and partition coe cients is studied by comparison of models against one another. Results: Metabolic parameters such as V max and K m varied considerably between authors. Tissue-gas partition coe cients, especially for the fat compartment, also di ered according to the authors. Such di erences in input parameter values proved to have a large in¯uence on PB-PK model results and, therefore, increased their uncertainties. Uncertainties were much more signi®cant in urinary metabolite concentration than in alveolar and blood concentration for chemicals that are poorly metabolized. On the other hand, uncertainties were more signi®cant in alveolar and blood concentrations than in urinary metabolite excretions for chemicals that are well metabolized. Conclusion: Careful attention is necessary in the selection and/or citation of values from published data. The validity of PB-PK models should be simultaneously con®rmed with both the blood and/or alveolar concentration and urinary metabolite concentrations.

show abstract

Toluene. A toxicologic review.

Cited by 89 publications

References 54 publications

Human response to controlled levels of toluene in six-hour exposures.

Human response to controlled levels of toluene in six-hour exposures.

Toluene-induced oxidative stress in several brain regions and other organs

Uncertainties in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models caused by several input parameters

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