Toluene

Burg, R. von

doi:10.1002/jat.2550130612

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Past work has shown that more than 45% of total VOC emissions, such as for benzene and toluene, in Mexico City, the United Kingdom, and Los Angeles stemmed from gas stations, evaporation of petrol, and motor vehicle emissions (Correa et al, 2012; Durmusoglu et al, 2010). In terms of health effects, benzene is categorized as carcinogen, ethylbenzene is recognized as a potential carcinogen, while toluene and xylene are classified as Group D carcinogens or non-carcinogenic (Cancer, 2002; Demirel et al, 2014; Li et al, 2009; Tunsaringkarn et al, 2012; Von Burg, 1993). Furthermore, benzene impacts blood production, the lymphatic system, and the central nervous system (Correa et al, 2012; Duarte-Davidson et al, 2001; Moolla et al, 2015), while toluene impacts the reproductive and central nervous systems (Chen et al, 2011; Correa et al, 2012; Duarte-Davidson et al, 2001; Kalenge et al, 2013; Moolla et al, 2015; Tunsaringkarn et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

Dehghani

Fazlzadeh

Sorooshian

et al. 2018

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

188

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This study reports a spatiotemporal characterization of toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes concentrations (BTEX) in an urban hot spot in Iran, specifically at an bus terminal region in Shiraz. Sampling was carried out according to NIOSH Compendium Method 1501. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) method was applied for spatial mapping. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was applied to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk owing to BTEX exposure. The highest average BTEX concentrations were observed for benzene in the morning (at 7:00–9:00A.M. local time) (26.15±17.65μg/m3) and evening (at 6:00–8:00P.M. local time) (34.44±15.63μg/m3). The benzene to toluene ratios in the morning and evening were 2.02 and 3.07, respectively. The main sources of BTEX were gas stations and a municipal solid waste transfer station. The inhalation lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene in the morning and evening were 1.96×10−4 and 2.49×10−4, respectively, which exceeds the recommended value by US EPA and WHO. The hazard quotient (HQ) of all these pollutants was less than 1. The results of this work have implications for public health near ‘hot spots’ such as IKBT where large populations are exposed to carcinogenic emissions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

Dehghani

Fazlzadeh

Sorooshian

et al. 2018

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

188

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show abstract

“…30), differences between in vivo and in vitro outcomes have been reported in the literature. Transient conjunctival irritation, corneal damage and cloudiness of the lenses have been reported in workers who were accidentally splashed in the eye with toluene (23,24). For cyclohexanone (substance No.…”

Section: Literature Reference Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-house Validation of the EpiOcular™ Eye Irritation Test and its Combination with the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test for the Assessment of Ocular Irritation

et al. 2011

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In 2009, the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test was accepted by the regulatory bodies for the identification of corrosive and severe ocular irritants (Global Harmonised System [GHS] Category 1). However, no in vitro test is currently accepted for the differentiation of ocular irritants (GHS Category 2) and non-irritants (GHS No Category). Human reconstructed tissue models have been suggested for incorporation into a tiered testing strategy to ultimately replace the Draize rabbit eye irritation test (OECD TG 405). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the EpiOcular™ reconstructed cornealike tissue model and the COLIPA pre-validated EpiOcular Eye Irritation Test (EpiOcular-EIT) could be used as suitable components of this testing strategy. The in-house validation of the EpiOcular-EIT was performed by using 60 test substances, including a broad variety of chemicals and formulations for which in vivo data (from the Draize rabbit eye irritation test) were available. The test substances fell into the following categories: 18 severe irritants/corrosives (Category 1), 21 irritants (Category 2), and 21 non-irritants (No Category). Test substances that decreased tissue viability to = 60% (compared to the negative control tissue) were considered to be eye irritants (Category 1/2). Test substances resulting in tissue viability of > 60% were considered to be non-irritants (No Category). For the assessed dataset and the classification cut-off of 60% viability, the EpiOcular-EIT provided 98% and 84% sensitivity, 64% and 90% specificity, and 85% and 86% overall accuracy for the literature reference and BASF proprietary substances, respectively. Applying a 50% tissue viability cut-off to distinguish between irritants and non-irritants resulted in 93% and 82% sensitivity, 68% and 100% specificity, and 84% and 88% accuracy for the literature reference and BASF proprietary substances, respectively. Further, in the EpiOcular-EIT (60% cut-off), 100% of severely irritating substances under-predicted by the BCOP assay were classified as Category 1/2. The results obtained in this study, based on 60 test substances, indicate that the EpiOcular-EIT and the BCOP assay can be combined in a testing strategy to identify strong/severe eye irritants (Category 1), moderate and mild eye irritants (Category 2), and non-irritants (No Category) in routine testing. In particular, when the bottom-up strategy with the 60% viability cut-off was employed, none of the severely irritating substances (Category 1) were under-predicted to be non-irritant. Sensitivity for Category 1/2 substances was 100% for literature reference substances and 89% for BASF SE proprietary substances.

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Auditory and vestibular functions after single or combined exposure to toluene: a review

et al. 1995

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Toluene is a widely used organic solvent, heavily employed in many manufacturing industries. Recently, evidence has begun to accumulate on the deleterious effect of toluene exposure has on the auditory and vestibular systems. Although little published information exists regarding these effects, the reported findings indicate a need for further investigation. The results of such investigations may dramatically affect occupational hearing conservation practices and legislation. Both human and animal studies will be summarized in discussing the effects of toluene alone or in combination with noise or other chemicals. Gaps in scientific knowledge are highlighted to assist future research.

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Toluene

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

Characteristics and health effects of BTEX in a hot spot for urban pollution

In-house Validation of the EpiOcular™ Eye Irritation Test and its Combination with the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test for the Assessment of Ocular Irritation

Auditory and vestibular functions after single or combined exposure to toluene: a review

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