Tolterodine activates the prefrontal cortex during bladder filling in OAB patients: A real‐time NIRS‐urodynamics study

Abstract

Tolterodine reduced bladder sensation together with a significant activation of the frontal micturition area of OAB patients, particularly Brodmann's area 8, 9, 10 of the right prefrontal cortex. This activation seems to be a secondary phenomenon, since tolterodine does not easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.

A young man with herpes simplex encephalitis: Andrew and Nathan type urodynamic abnormality

“…The present case urodynamically showed decreased bladder sensation due mostly to left-side-dominant bilateral lesions at the middle cingulate and insular cortices [9]. It is well documented that bladder afferent signals reach the frontal lobe including the prefrontal, cingulate and insular cortices in experimental animals [10,11] and humans [12,13]. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that lesions in the cingulate and insular cortices lead to decreased bladder sensation.…”

Test‐retest repeatability of patterns of brain activation provoked by bladder filling

“…In the past 20 years, the brain's role in bladder control has been studied with a range of imaging modalities . Study populations have included young, old, healthy, and incontinent participants as well as some with neurological disorders .…”

Fesoterodine normalizes the brain function in overactive bladder patients due to central nervous system lesion: A real‐time measure of oxyhemoglobin concentration changes during urodynamics

“…Anticholinergics ameliorate OAB mostly by acting at the periphery . In addition, anticholinergics might change the brain function in OAB patients . However, limited literature is available .…”