Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) as Therapeutic Targets for Treating SARS-CoV-2: An Immunobiological Perspective

Patra, Ritwik; Das, Nabarun Chandra; Mukherjee, Suprabhat

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_6

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Inappropriate use of TLRs antagonists in the treatment of COVID-19 may lead to a decrease in IFN without inhibiting the virus. Therefore, the dosage and duration of TLRs antagonists should be further tested in the clinical stage ( Patra et al, 2021 ; Patra et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptor (TLRs) agonists and antagonists for COVID-19 treatments

Liu

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly infects humans and animals which make coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a grievous epidemic worldwide which broke out in 2020. According to data analysis of the other coronavirus family, for instance severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), can provide experience for the mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a pattern recognition receptor (PRRs), have an indispensable function in identifying the invader even activate the innate immune system. It is possible for organism to activate different TLR pathways which leads to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as Interleukin 1 (IL-1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and type Ⅰ interferon. As a component of non-specific immunity, TLRs pathway may participate in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, due to previous works have proved that TLRs are involved in the invasion and infection of SARS-CoV and MERS to varying degrees. Different TLR, such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 probably have a double-sided in COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is of great significance for a correctly acknowledging how TLR take part in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic processes, which will be the development of treatment and prevention strategies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptor (TLRs) agonists and antagonists for COVID-19 treatments

Liu

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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“…During the design and development of vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2, some vaccines used TLR agonists as adjuvants in the vaccine design to enhance the efficacy of COVID‐19 vaccine; some vaccines were found to act on TLR (TLR3/4/5) and regulate downstream signaling through molecular docking (reviewed in Refs. 239 and 240 ). Such vaccines targeting TLRs could be used for immunotherapeutic intervention in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.…”

Section: Intervention Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, targeting TLR as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for COVID‐19 mainly includes TLR agonist/antagonist and as an adjuvant or target of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine (reviewed in Refs. 238 , 239 , 240 ).…”

Section: Intervention Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory pathways in COVID‐19: Mechanism and therapeutic interventions

Jiang

Zhao

Zhou

et al. 2022

MedComm

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The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic has become a global crisis. In the immunopathogenesis of COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection induces an excessive inflammatory response in patients, causing an inflammatory cytokine storm in severe cases. Cytokine storm leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary and other multiorgan failure, which is an important cause of COVID‐19 progression and even death. Among them, activation of inflammatory pathways is a major factor in generating cytokine storms and causing dysregulated immune responses, which is closely related to the severity of viral infection. Therefore, elucidation of the inflammatory signaling pathway of SARS‐CoV‐2 is important in providing otential therapeutic targets and treatment strategies against COVID‐19. Here, we discuss the major inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of COVID‐19, including induction, function, and downstream signaling, as well as existing and potential interventions targeting these cytokines or related signaling pathways. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory pathways of COVID‐19 immune dysregulation and inflammation will help develop better clinical therapy strategies to effectively control inflammatory diseases, such as COVID‐19.

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“…As a result, more research on TLR antagonist dosage and duration needs to be done at the clinical stage. 94,346 TLR antagonism has been successfully applied in various experimental models of cardiovascular disease(CVD). Animal experiments have shown that inhibiting TLR signaling can be used to treat or prevent atherosclerosis.…”

Section: Tlr Antagonists For Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll‐like receptors in health and disease

Wang,

Huang,

Zhan

et al. 2024

MedComm

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Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are inflammatory triggers and belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are central to the regulation of host protective adaptive immune responses. Activation of TLRs in innate immune myeloid cells directs lymphocytes to produce the most appropriate effector responses to eliminate infection and maintain homeostasis of the body's internal environment. Inappropriate TLR stimulation can lead to the development of general autoimmune diseases as well as chronic and acute inflammation, and even cancer. Therefore, TLRs are expected to be targets for therapeutic treatment of inflammation‐related diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections, and human cancers. This review summarizes the recent discoveries in the molecular and structural biology of TLRs. The role of different TLR signaling pathways in inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, digestive diseases, and even cancers (oral, gastric, breast, colorectal) is highlighted and summarizes new drugs and related clinical treatments in clinical trials, providing an overview of the potential and prospects of TLRs for the treatment of TLR‐related diseases.

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Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) as Therapeutic Targets for Treating SARS-CoV-2: An Immunobiological Perspective

Cited by 13 publications

References 112 publications

Toll-like receptor (TLRs) agonists and antagonists for COVID-19 treatments

Toll-like receptor (TLRs) agonists and antagonists for COVID-19 treatments

Inflammatory pathways in COVID‐19: Mechanism and therapeutic interventions

Toll‐like receptors in health and disease

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