Toll-like Receptors in the Vascular System: Sensing the Dangers Within

Goulopoulou, Styliani; McCarthy, Cameron G.; Webb, R.

doi:10.1124/pr.114.010090

Cited by 192 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 582 publications

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“…This could also be valid for the animals used as a model of study. Furthermore, as mentioned above, the TLR-4 function and expression are modulated not only by genetic variants and haplotypes [11,85,86] but also by environmental factors (such as diet [138][139][140][141], mite allergens [142], air pollution [143]), and their cross-interaction with microbiota [141], which may remain in a healthy state or show alterations (i.e. dysbiosis and consequent endotoxemia associated with age or obesity) [144,145]and consequent epigenetic changes [146,147].…”

Section: Therapeutic Role Of Tlr-4 Pathway: From Experimental Data Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway in aorta aging and diseases: “its double nature”

Balistreri

Ruvolo

Lio

et al. 2017

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology

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Section: Therapeutic Role Of Tlr-4 Pathway: From Experimental Data Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway in aorta aging and diseases: “its double nature”

Balistreri

Ruvolo

Lio

et al. 2017

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology

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“…Various regimens and doses are proposed to decrease the signs and symptoms to the maximum effect. The commonly used regimen is starting octreotide 50 to 200 µg subcutaneously three times a day two weeks before the surgery and 100 µg again just before the induction of anesthesia to prevent the release of secretions [16,17]. We can start octreotide 24 hrs before surgery in semi-emergency situations.…”

Section: Preoperative Preparation Of the Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We can start octreotide 24 hrs before surgery in semi-emergency situations. If the symptoms subside after the surgery octreotide has to be discontinued slowly over a period of a week [16].…”

Section: Preoperative Preparation Of the Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perioperative Management of Carcinoid Syndorme-An Anaesthesiologist’s Perspective

Mvs¹

2016

J Anesth Clin Res

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Occurrence of carcinoid syndrome is very rare. So the expertise and literature on this syndrome is limited. Physiologically active substances that are secreted by the carcinoid tumour cause major problems for the anesthesiologist in the perioperative period. Preoperative preparation of the patient is the most important step that decides the recovery of the patient. Discovery of octreotide lead to the improvement in treating and decreasing the morbidity and mortality during surgery. If the surgery is palliative post-operative management also makes it difficult for the anesthesiologist. Extreme vigilance and common sense had to be applied during the surgery by the anesthesiologist. Pathophysiology, symptomatology, diagnosis and perioperative management are described in this article.

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“…Although the immune system had long been suspected to contribute to hypertension, only in the last decade have studies begun to define the roles of the participating immune cells and molecules involved in hypertension. [1][2][3][4] Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 5,6 are part of the innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns on various pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and so called endogenous damage signals (damage-associated molecular patterns). These patterns may be proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or nucleic acids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toll-Like Receptors, Hypertension, and an Antimalarial Drug Madhu V. Singh 1 The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension is a growing area of research. Although the immune system had long been suspected to contribute to hypertension, only in the last decade have studies begun to define the roles of the participating immune cells and molecules involved in hypertension.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-Like Receptors, Hypertension, and an Antimalarial Drug

Singh

2016

AJHYPE

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The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension is a growing area of research. Although the immune system had long been suspected to contribute to hypertension, only in the last decade have studies begun to define the roles of the participating immune cells and molecules involved in hypertension. [1][2][3][4] Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 5,6 are part of the innate immune system that recognize molecular patterns on various pathogens (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and so called endogenous damage signals (damage-associated molecular patterns). These patterns may be proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, or nucleic acids. TLRs are expressed either on the cell surface or in intracellular endolysosomal compartment. Although the endogenous ligands of the TLRs that trigger hypertension have not been identified, disruption of TLR signaling has been shown to attenuate hypertension.In a study published last year in "Cardiovascular Research, " McCarthy et al. reported that intraperitoneal injection of a TLR9 inhibitory oligonucleotide ODN2088 in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) decreased the systolic blood pressure, whereas injections of TLR9 agonist ODN2395 in normotensive rats increased the systolic blood pressure. 7 In their study published in the current issue of American Journal of Hypertension, 8 these investigators extend their findings by testing a mechanism of intracellular TLR activation, particularly TLR9, in SHR hypertension. Chloroquine, a drug known as an effective antimalarial therapeutic agent, blocks endosomal maturation 9 by inhibiting vesicular acidification that is also required for TLR9 signaling. 10 McCarthy et al. injected chloroquine in SHR to disrupt TLR9 signaling and measured expression of key molecular components of TLR signaling in mesenteric resistance vessels that significantly contribute to hypertension. The major finding of the study is that in young prehypertensive SHR (5 weeks old), disruption of intracellular TLR signaling by chloroquine decreased blood pressure. These findings are consistent with the authors' previous report as well as with the findings by Harwani et al. 11 demonstrating that the isolated splenocytes from prehypertensive SHR have an enhanced proinflammatory response to TLR 7/8 and 9 agonists in the presence of nicotine. In normotensive WistarKyoto rats, nicotine was anti-inflammatory. Moreover, in vivo infusion of nicotine in young prehypertensive SHR induces premature hypertension. 12 An important concept which evolves from this work is that the innate immune system is important in SHR hypertension. This concept is also shown to work in angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertension where priming of dendritic cells, a member of the innate immune system, by Ang II contributes to hypertension. 13 A second concept in this paper is the possible role of TLR adaptor protein MyD88. All TLRs, except intracellular TLR3, require MyD88 for signaling. Loss of MyD88 protein severely impairs TLR signaling and inflammatory responses. 14 In the study by Mc...

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Toll-like Receptors in the Vascular System: Sensing the Dangers Within

Cited by 192 publications

References 582 publications

Toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway in aorta aging and diseases: “its double nature”

Toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathway in aorta aging and diseases: “its double nature”

Perioperative Management of Carcinoid Syndorme-An Anaesthesiologist’s Perspective

Toll-Like Receptors, Hypertension, and an Antimalarial Drug

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