Toll-like Receptor: Breast Cancer Development and Immunotherapy

Abstract

Breast cancer is well known leading causes of mortality in the females. Current studies have suggested that the imbalances in inflammatory and immune-associated proteins may also give rise to breast cancer and disease progression. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of innate immune system that protect the host against bacterial and viral infection. It not only express in innate immune cell, its expression also found in breast cancer cells. Activation of TLRs leads to the activation of inflammatory pathways. Recent reports provide such evidences, which suggest the important role of TLRs in breast cancer pathogenesis and recurrence. TLRs are not only involved in cancer development, but also involve in anticancer immunotherapy. There are some agonists and antagonist of TLRs, used in anticancer immunotherapy, is targeted in clinic successfully.

Association of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression With Prognosis in Breast Carcinoma

“…[13,14] It was revelad that TLR9 assists in the progression of BC and patients with BC have higher circulating levels of TLR9 compared to normal. [11,13] In their study, González-Reyes et al [3] suggested that BCs with high TLR9 expression by fibroblast-like cells were associated with low probability of metastasis. In contrast, Jukkola-Vuorinen et al [5] revealed that BCs metastasized to axillar lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis had slightly higher TLR9 expression compared with tumors with no axillary lymph node metastasis.…”

“…It is well known that cancer and inflammation are related entities, consequently, persistent inflammatory events can lead to carcinogenesis. [3,[9][10][11][12] In the current literature, several studies exist to investigate relation of TLRs with both inflammation and cancer. TLRs are important components of the innate immune system not only defense host against several infectious agents, but also shown to be expressed by many epithelial tumor cells including BC.…”

“…TLRs are important components of the innate immune system not only defense host against several infectious agents, but also shown to be expressed by many epithelial tumor cells including BC. [4,11] Among TLRs, TLR9 has shown to be highly expressed in BC cells and capable of promoting cellular invasion in vitro by increasing matrix metalloproteinase activity. [13,14] It was revelad that TLR9 assists in the progression of BC and patients with BC have higher circulating levels of TLR9 compared to normal.…”