Toll-like receptor-4 is upregulated in plaque debris of patients with acute coronary syndrome more than Toll-like receptor-2

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a dise ase characterized by inflammation in the arterial wall. Atherogenesis is dependent on the innate immune response involving activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the expression of inflammatory proteins, those may lead to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We investigated the expression level of TLR-4 in ACS, as compared with TLR-2 and patients with stable angina. Fifty-eight consecutive patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI, n = 29) because of ACS and elective PCI (n = 29) because of stable angina using a filter-device distal protection device system were prospectively analyzed. mRNA levels of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in debris containing various inflammatory tissues entrapped in the filter device were altogether analyzed using real-time PCR. There were no significant differences in age, sex distribution, between stable angina and ACS groups. TLR-4 expression levels were higher in patients with ACS than in patients with stable angina. TLR-4 might play a more important role than TLR-2 in atherogenesis, especially in ACS.

Acquired fontan paradox in isolated right ventricular cardiomyopathy

“…[123] Although surgical creation of Fontan circuit is a common practice, to the best of our knowledge, only a few cases of spontaneously evolved Fontan circulation have been described in literature[123] in which noncontractile right ventricle behaved as a passive conduit. The RV end-diastolic and systemic venous pressure being higher than the pulmonary pressures caused the premature opening of the pulmonary valve and facilitated the pulmonary blood flow during diastasis.…”

The emerging role of Toll-like receptor 4 in myocardial inflammation

“… 17 Most importantly, TLR4, whose levels are the highest compared with other TLRs in the heart, plays a critical role in myocardial inflammation, including myocarditis, 18 MI, 19 I/R injury, 20 heart failure, 4 aortic valve diseases, 21 atherosclerosis, 22 and hypertension. 23 …”

Homocysteine and homocysteine-related compounds: an overview of the roles in the pathology of the cardiovascular and nervous systems

“…TLR4 belongs to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, and their roles in pathogenesis of CVD are intensively studied. Namely, TLR4, that normally play a role in the innate immune response and recognize viral or bacterial antigen motifs, are expressed in almost all cells represented in CVS(Becher et al 2018) and participate in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (den Dekker et al 2010), ischemic heart disease(Satoh et al 2016), heart failure (Liu et al 2015) or aorta aneurism(Lai et al 2016).Results of Jeremic and colleagues indicates that ablation of TLR4 in HHcy mice diminish changes induced by increased levels of Hcy such as left ventricular hypertrophy, increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidative capacity, and mitochondrial fission (Jeremic et al 2017a). Same authors provided results on the basis of which D r a f t it can be concluded that TLR4 during HHcy mediate in predominance of mitochondrial fission in endothelial cells, and consequent oxidative stress, endothelial cell loss and dysfunction, increased collagen deposition, which ultimately causes hypertension (Jeremic et al 2017b).…”