Toll-Like Receptor 4 Contributes to Efficient Control of Infection with the Protozoan Parasite<i>Leishmania major</i>

Kropf, Pascale; Freudenberg, Marina A.; Modolell, Manuel; Price, Helen P.; Herath, Shan; Antoniazi, Simone Aparecida; Galanos, Chris; Smith, Deborah F.; Müller, Ingrid

doi:10.1128/iai.72.4.1920-1928.2004

Cited by 226 publications

(238 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…L. chagasi infection induced TLR2 and 4 mRNA expressions throughout the course of infection, indicating that these receptors could potentially be involved in parasite recognition. These results are in agreement with previous studies showing that Leishmania parasites can bind to both TLR2 and 4 to enter host cells (Kropf et al 2004, Flandin et al 2006. We also found that, at the peak of parasitism, there was higher expression of TLR4 and particularly of TLR2.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

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Analysis of the expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and cytokine production during experimental Leishmania chagasi infection

Cezário¹,

Oliveira²,

Peresi³

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Additionally, the involvement of TLRs in nitric oxide (NO) induction and TNF-α production has been reported (Flandin et al 2006). Similarly, in in vivo experiments with mice, Kropf et al (2004) observed the involvement of TLR4 in the control of L. major infection through increased inducible NO synthase expression.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Analysis of the expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and cytokine production during experimental Leishmania chagasi infection

Cezário¹,

Oliveira²,

Peresi³

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…In our study, TLR2 was expressed only by macrophage in the double immunostaining. Macrophage is the most important cell in the cutaneous leishmaniasis and several studies demonstrated that TLR2 is expressed at the surface of this cell 6,8,12,13 . The absence of TLR2 in other cells can be associated with the phase of the disease, because DC and NK cells decrease in this period of the leishmaniasis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During first studies, TLR4 was a promising signaling receptor for Leishmania 12 . Nevertheless, further studies showed that TLR4 was less important than TLR2 and cytokine expression was independent of this receptor 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in lesions of patients with tegumentary american leishmaniasis

Tuon

Fernandes

Duarte

et al. 2012

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYObjectives: The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in skin biopsies of patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Methods: This prospective study evaluated 12 patients with ATL caused by Leishmania braziliensis confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of TLR2 and TLR4. The number of NK cells, dendritic cells and macrophages in the tissue were calculated. The cytokine expression was determined using the anti-TNF-α, anti-IFN-γ, anti-IL-1 and anti-IL-6. Double immunostaining reactions were used to determine the cell expressing TLR2 and TLR4. Results: The numbers of cells expressing TLR2 and TLR4 were 145.48 ± 82.46 cell/mm 2 and 3.26 ± 4.11 cell/mm 2 respectively (p < 0.05). There was no correlation of TLR2 and TLR4 with the amount of cytokines and the number of NK cells, dendritic cells or macrophages. The double immunostaining revealed that TLR2 was expressed by macrophages. Conclusion: In human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis, TLR2 is the most common TLR expressed during active disease, mainly by macrophages although without correlation with the amount of cytokines and number of cells.

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Immunity to Protozoa

Velázquez

Dominguez

Garzon

et al. 2018

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Protozoan parasites are microorganisms that live and feed at the expense of a host. Parasites can cause diseases in humans and are worldwide distributed, causing high morbidity and mortality. This article describes the most important defence mechanisms against protozoan parasites of clinical relevance ( Plasmodium spp., Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondii , Trypanosoma cruzi , Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia ). Protozoans exhibit a high heterogeneity in morphologies and antigenic expression, which is reflected in the different immune responses induced during the infection process. The first line of defence is the mechanisms of the innate immune response as physical and chemical barriers. However, in most cases, the adaptive humoural and cellular responses are implicated in controlling the infection. On the other hand, parasites have developed mechanisms to evade the immune response, hindering the development of vaccines, which offers a broad spectrum of protection among species. Key Concepts Parasitosis comprises a set of very diverse diseases, caused by different types of parasitic microorganisms. Protozoan infections can be acquired either through direct contact or through vectors. Malaria is the deadliest protozoan infection worldwide. The immune response is divided into two branches: innate and adaptive immunity. Protozoan parasites have developed strategies to evade the immune response. To date, there has been an imminent necessity to develop efficient vaccines against main protozoan infections.

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Toll-Like Receptor 4 Contributes to Efficient Control of Infection with the Protozoan ParasiteLeishmania major

Cited by 226 publications

References 69 publications

Analysis of the expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and cytokine production during experimental Leishmania chagasi infection

Analysis of the expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and cytokine production during experimental Leishmania chagasi infection

Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in lesions of patients with tegumentary american leishmaniasis

Immunity to Protozoa

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