Tolerogenic dendritic cells and TLR4/IRAK4/NF-κB signaling pathway in allergic rhinitis

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs), central participants in the allergic immune response, can capture and present allergens leading to allergic inflammation in the immunopathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). In addition to initiating antigen-specific immune responses, DCs induce tolerance and modulate immune homeostasis. As a special type of DCs, tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) achieve immune tolerance mainly by suppressing effector T cell responses and inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). TolDCs suppress allergic inflammation by modulating immune tolerance, thereby reducing symptoms of AR. Activation of the TLR4/IRAK4/NF-κB signaling pathway contributes to the release of inflammatory cytokines, and inhibitors of this signaling pathway induce the production of tolDCs to alleviate allergic inflammatory responses. This review focuses on the relationship between tolDCs and TLR4/IRAK4/NF-κB signaling pathway with AR.

Modeling early pathophysiological phenotypes of diabetic retinopathy in a human inner blood-retinal barrier-on-a-chip

“…DHDP can perturb pericyte-EC interactions and endothelial cell junctions by integrating in the cell membrane, inhibiting the catalytic unit of gamma-secretase and disrupting the localization of cadherins 58 . AGE accumulation in DR can lead to pericyte apoptosis via activation of the NF-kB signaling 59 . The compounds were applied to the iBRB-on-a-chip between D7 and D28 and morphological alterations were quantified using the same analysis workflows as described previously.…”

Immunomodulation in allergic rhinitis: Insights from Th2 cells and NLRP3/IL‐18 pathway

“…Various studies have examined the role of different cytokines, such as IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13, and their influence on immune cell differentiation and activation in rhinitis 17,18 . Additionally, research has spotlighted the involvement of signaling pathways like the NF‐κB pathway, MAPK pathway, and PI3K/AKT pathway in the modulation of immune responses associated with rhinitis 19–21 …”