Tolerances of wild potato species from different altitudes to cold and heat

Smillie, Robert M.; Hetherington, Suzan E.; Ochôa, Carlos; Malagamba, Patricio

doi:10.1007/bf00392980

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…On the other hand, galactolipase activity in chloroplasts of broad bean, a chill-resistant species, was high in contrast to several other species of this group. Similarly, among 13 wild potato species in which tolerance, measured by the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence, increased with increasing altitude of origin, two apparent exceptions were observed [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparison of galactolipase activity and free fatty acid levels in chloroplasts of chill-sensitive and chill-resistant plants

Gemel¹,

Kaniuga²

1987

Eur J Biochem

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Galactolipase activity in chloroplasts of several chill-resistant plants was found to be very low [0.02 -0.13 pmol free fatty acid (FFA) liberated min-' mg protein-'] or not detected. The same phenomenon was observed for soybean and members of the Cucurbitaceae such as cucumber, pumpkin, melon and squash. Since, following cold storage of cucumber leaves, the levels of monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol and digalactosyl-diacylglycerol in chloroplasts decrease while those of FFA accumulate it seems likely that in these typical chill-sensitive plants galactolipase is present but inactivated during isolation procedure. The low galactolipase activity in chloroplasts was accompanied by a relatively low FFA content ranging from 0.05 pmol to 0.30 pmol FFA mg chlorophyll (Chi)-'. However, both pea and horse bean chloroplasts (with low galactolipase activity) exhibit about 0.45 pmol FFA mg Chl-l.Elevated galactolipase activity was observed in chloroplasts of most chill-sensitive species (ranging from 0.31 pmol to 1.32 pmol FFA liberated min-' mg protein-') as well as in chloroplasts from broad bean, a member of a chill-resistant species (1.26 pmol FFA liberated min-' mg protein-'). In addition in this latter group of plants FFA level in chloroplasts often did not fit the galactolipase activity.The results suggest that there exists a tendency for chilling tolerance of plants to decrease both galactolipase activity and FFA level. However, in some plant species with elevated galactolipase activity the chloroplast FFA level does not correlate with enzyme activity.The primary loci of chilling injury are widely believed to be the membranes of subcellular organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplast. The so-called 'membrane hypothesis', elaborated by Lyons [l] and Raison [2], is based on three key postulates as summarized by Quinn and Williams [3]: (a) the existence of an apparent correlation between chilling sensitivity and a gel-to-liquid-crystal phase transition in the membrane lipids of isolated chloroplasts and mitochondria, (b) the occurrence of a similar correlation between chilling sensitivity and discontinuities at about 10 -12 "C in the temperature dependences of key enzymes (or enzyme systems) located in these organelles, (c) the existence of a correlation between chilling sensitivity and the fatty acid composition of chloroplast and mitochondria membranes. The fact that all three relations are observed in most chillsensitive and chill-resistant species alike casts some doubts on their relevance to chilling injury [3].Since the lipids are important factors of membrane properties, cf.[3], changes in lipid composition and enzyme activities involved in their metabolism should be expected. It is interesting that chloroplast thylakoid and envelope membranes are extremely rich in galactolipids, which constitute of 70 -80% of total lipids [4]. Whereas the lipid composition of chloroplast membrane is well documented [4] our knowledge about galactolipase activity and the level of free fatty acids in chloroplasts is rather p...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparison of galactolipase activity and free fatty acid levels in chloroplasts of chill-sensitive and chill-resistant plants

Gemel¹,

Kaniuga²

1987

Eur J Biochem

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“…Several studies have related changes in Fr at 0°C to expected differences in chilling tolerance. In a study ofwild potato species native to the Andean region of South America, a clear gradient was found of increasing cold tolerance as indicated by the rate of Fr decrease in chilled leaves and the altitude at which the plants grew naturally (23). A highland race of maize also showed slower rates of Fr decrease during chilling compared with races from warmer climates (7).…”

Section: Photoinhibition At Chilling Temperatures In Attached and Detmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoinhibition at Low Temperature in Chilling-Sensitive and -Resistant Plants

Hetherington¹,

He²,

Smillie³

1989

Plant Physiol.

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Photoinhibition resulting from exposure at 70C to a moderate photon flux density (300 micromoles per square meter per second, 400-700 nanometers) for 20 hours was measured in leaves of annual crops differing widely in chilling tolerance. The incidence of photoinhibition, determined as the decrease in the ratio of induced to total chlorophyll fluorescence emission at 693 nanometers (F,/F,,,) (5), maize (12), bean (18), and tomato (15). Up to a point, photoinhibition is completely reversible (1,4), and this condition may be thought of as an adaptive mechanism allowing some adjustment of photosynthetic processes to suit prevailing conditions of light, temperature and other environmental factors. However, prolonged exposure to light and low chilling temperatures can be debilitating and associated with severe and irreversible photoinhibition followed by photooxidative destruction of Chl (1, 28) and ultimately cell death.Chilling-dependent photoinhibition has mainly been studied in plants well known to be intolerant of chilling temperatures, and this raises the question of whether or not adverse effects of chilling and light on photosynthetic productivity are primarily problems associated with chilling-sensitive plants. Photoinhibition ofphotosynthesis arising from the interaction of chilling and light has been shown to occur in leaves of the chilling-sensitive annual crops, bean (4, 18), cotton (18), cucumber (9, 28), maize (12), rice (5), and tomato (15, 29). Olive, an evergreen crop of warm temperate climates, is also vulnerable to photoinhibition during chilling at 5°C (1). In contrast, spinach, a chilling-resistant plant, was reported to be insensitive to inhibition of photosynthetic processes in light at 4°C (3). However, some recent studies have rendered this distinction less clear. Two plants of temperate climates, Lemna minor and L. gibba were shown to be photoinhibited at chilling temperatures (1 1, 16), although it is to be noted that vegetative growth of these plants is largely restricted to the warm months of the year and over-wintering is accomplished by producing resting buds (turions) that sink to the bottom of ponds during winter. Photoinhibition during chill-ing was also demonstrated in two species of potato that are somewhat more tolerant of chilling than the chilling-sensitive plants mentioned above (26). Two relevant studies have been 1609www.plantphysiol.org on May 10, 2018 -Published by Downloaded from

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“…The detached leaves lost some 50% of their total ionic content. Finally, detachment alters the ranking of the species with regard to their chilling tolerance.There has been much interest in the use of room temperature Chl fluorescence as a probe for chilling injury (2,3,(8)(9)(10). In the procedure developed by Smillie and coworkers (8-10) assess chilling tolerance in plants, fluorescence is measured on detached leaves stored at 0°C in the dark.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been much interest in the use of room temperature Chl fluorescence as a probe for chilling injury (2,3,(8)(9)(10). In the procedure developed by Smillie and coworkers (8)(9)(10) assess chilling tolerance in plants, fluorescence is measured on detached leaves stored at 0°C in the dark.…”

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Effect of Leaf Detachment on Chlorophyll Fluorescence during Chilling Experiments

Potvin¹

1985

Plant Physiol.

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The effect of leaf detachment on chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed for Zea mays, Cucumis sativus, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Echinochloa crus-galli. Results clearly indicate that detachment hastens the decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence during the course of chilling experiments. For maize and bean, the activity of photosystem II of chloroplasts isolated from detached leaves is lower than that of chloroplasts isolated from attached leaves. There are also large differences in ionic loss between detached and attached leaves of barnyard grass which could correlate with changes in leaf water status. The detached leaves lost some 50% of their total ionic content. Finally, detachment alters the ranking of the species with regard to their chilling tolerance.There has been much interest in the use of room temperature Chl fluorescence as a probe for chilling injury (2,3,(8)(9)(10). In the procedure developed by Smillie and coworkers (8-10) assess chilling tolerance in plants, fluorescence is measured on detached leaves stored at 0°C in the dark. Changes in the Chl fluorescence induction curve are followed on the same excised leaves for time periods ranging from several h to weeks (9). Such chilling in the dark results in a decrease in the slope of the rising phase of the Chl fluorescence induction (8) which has been interpreted as a reflection of damage occurring on the photooxidizing side of PSII (6). However, it has been shown, using isolated chloroplasts of bean and tomato, that detachment and dark storage cause more damage to PSII than does the cold treatment itself (4). Before using changes in Chl fluorescence of detached leaves as an indication of chilling tolerance, one must be assured that detachment itself does not affect the 'fluorescence as it affects isolated chloroplasts. The present study was therefore carried out to determine the effects of detachment of the leaves on Chl fluorescence during chilling experiments. 'hybrid GH-390'; Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) cv 'Canadian Wonder'; and Cucumis sativus (L.) cv 'Palomar'. Seeds were sown in a mixture of 2: 1:1 perlite, vermiculite, and peat moss and grown during June and July in Sydney, Australia, in a temperaturecontrolled greenhouse with a minimum of 17°C and a maximum of 28°C. For maize and barnyard grass, light was supplemented to yield 600 gmol -m-2. s-' at noon, by two incandescent bulbs (40 w) and six fluorescent lamps (80 w) placed 70 cm above the plants. Daylength was set at 14 h. Plants were watered daily with 6% Hoagland nutrient solution. Plants were used at age 6 to 7 weeks for barnyard grass, 4 to 5 weeks for maize, 4 weeks for cucumber, and 3 weeks for bean. Each experiment was replicated twice with a new group of plants and, in the case of barnyard grass, plants used in the replicate experiment were sown 6 weeks after the first cohort to rule out either photoperiod or greenhouse effects. All the results were statistically tested by analysis of variance and Tukey's honestly significant differences a posteriori method (11). MATERIALS AND MET...

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Tolerances of wild potato species from different altitudes to cold and heat

Cited by 35 publications

References 10 publications

Comparison of galactolipase activity and free fatty acid levels in chloroplasts of chill-sensitive and chill-resistant plants

Comparison of galactolipase activity and free fatty acid levels in chloroplasts of chill-sensitive and chill-resistant plants

Photoinhibition at Low Temperature in Chilling-Sensitive and -Resistant Plants

Effect of Leaf Detachment on Chlorophyll Fluorescence during Chilling Experiments

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