Tolerance of triads, police legitimacy, and self-help amidst the Umbrella Movement

Lo, T. Wing; Hui, Cora Y.T.; Kwok, Sunny; Lee, Gabriel Kwun Wa

doi:10.1177/0004865819845420

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…been observed among Hong Kong protesters in 2014 (Lo et al 2019), yet contrasts with UK protesters showing a negative association between embracing democracy and justifying violence for political ends (Jackson et al 2013). The justification of such actions in Chile could stem from a cycle of violence between the police and protesters (Alenda 2020;Gerber et al 2018;Tyler 2006), perceptions of the rich exerting undue influence on public policy and widespread corruption among public authorities.…”

Section: Competing Interestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 2019 Chilean Social Upheaval: A Descriptive Approach

Cox,

González,

Le Foulon

2023

Journal of Politics in Latin America

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In 2019, student protests over an increase in subway fare in Chile escalated into violence and a leaderless nationwide social upheaval. This research note takes a descriptive approach that goes beyond the protester/non-protesters dichotomy, because we believe we need a richer understanding of the “what, who, and how” of citizens around this outbreak. Based on a survey fielded amidst the upheaval, we distinguish protesters by intensity, and non-protesters by their position towards the upheaval. As expected, protesters tend to be young and educated. Strong protesters are more left-wing, interested in politics, and more participative, including electorally. They endorse democracy but are critical of its functioning, and more likely to justify illegal/violent actions as a means for social change. Inequality appears as a cross-cutting concern, even among opponents, but strong protesters are more distrustful of its sources and of the rich themselves. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings.

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Section: Competing Interestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have highlighted inequality, social exclusion, and failures of political representation as key drivers contributing to the crisis (Araujo, 2019; Navarrete and Tricot, 2021; Rhodes-Purdy and Rosenblatt, 2021). Scholars have also analyzed the role of government strategy and police repression during the upheaval (Somma et al 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

The 2019 Chilean Social Upheaval: A Descriptive Approach

Cox,

González,

Le Foulon

2023

Journal of Politics in Latin America

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Securitizing the Colour Revolution: Assessing the Political Role of Triads in Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement

Kwok

Garrett³

2021

The British Journal of Criminology

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In Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement, the use of Chinese triads to attack protestors has attracted international attention, forcing the regime to constrain further acts of grand illegitimate violence. Research suggests that triads were used as ‘thugs-for-hire’ by the regime to achieve political ends. The present study aims to examine why the triads were hired and what their specific roles and motivations were. It concludes that triads acted as non-state securitization actors, agent provocateurs or extralegal protectors depending on several factors, such as financial incentives, being stakeholders in occupied sites, business interests in mainland China and individuals’ political ideology. It suggests that triads were used as vigilantes against the threats of Western-instigated Color Revolution and hybrid warfare targeting China.

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Submission to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Law Enforcement Inquiry into Criminal Activity and Law Enforcement during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Broadhurst

2021

SSRN Journal

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Tolerance of triads, police legitimacy, and self-help amidst the Umbrella Movement

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

The 2019 Chilean Social Upheaval: A Descriptive Approach

The 2019 Chilean Social Upheaval: A Descriptive Approach

Securitizing the Colour Revolution: Assessing the Political Role of Triads in Hong Kong’s Umbrella Movement

Submission to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Law Enforcement Inquiry into Criminal Activity and Law Enforcement during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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