Tolerance of Plant Cell Wall to Environment

Abstract

Drought and flooding of soil are negatively factors for growth and development of plants. Exogenous factors, including moisture of soil, intensity of sun light, temperature, salinization, the content and diffusion rate of CO2 and O2 is main that influence terrestrial and flood plants. Cell walls actively participate in the mechanisms of plant adaptation to drought and flooding. It has been established that the resistance of plants to unfavorable environmental conditions is due to the plasticity of the structural, biochemical and functional characteristics of plant cell walls, that manifests itself in a change of ultrastructure cell walls, density of stomata and wax in leaf epidermis, compacting or loosening of cell walls, presence of cuticle pores, change of content of crystalline and amorphous cellulose, hemicellulose, callose and lignin and change in a ratio of syringyl/quajacyl monolignols and also expression of the specific genes.

The Contribution of Hormonal Changes to the Protective Effect of Endophytic Bacterium Bacillus subtilis on Two Wheat Genotypes with Contrasting Drought Sensitivities under Osmotic Stress

“…Lignin deposition is a crucial mechanism for enhancing the drought resistance of plants [14,69,70]. A well-known player in the stress-induced accumulation of lignin in plants is hormone ABA [13,14].…”

Influence of environmental change on monolignols and the micromorphology of leaf epidermis in hydrophytes and terrestrial plants

“…S. sagittifolia and Trapa natans are convenient for studying the structure of abovewater leaves of hydrophytes [26,36,45,52,53]. The ultrastructure of epidermal and mesophyll cells of the leaves of S. sagittifolia shows differences in cell wall structure between above-water and submerged leaves (see Figure 4a-d).…”

“…Submerged plant organs must adapt to these environmental challenges, which affect their growth and structural parameters. Additionally, submerged leaves lack trichomes, stomata, and thick cuticles, making them more susceptible to pathogen invasion [25,52]. In response to pathogen attacks, leaves and stems synthesize lignin as a defense mechanism [37].…”