Tolerance mechanisms to aluminum in popcorn inbred lines involving aluminum compartmentalization and ascorbate–glutathione redox pathway

Malate and cell wall aluminum immobilization act as resistance mechanisms in soybean roots

“…The root apex is the first site of Al phytotoxicity (Kochian et al 2015;Kopittke et al 2015), consequently reducing water and nutrient uptake (Gupta et al 2013;Ofoe et al 2023). Al can accumulate in the root apoplastic region (Frantzios et al 2005;Yoshida et al 2023;Zhu et al 2017), binding to chemical components of the cell wall and plasma membrane, and thus induce its toxicity at the cellular level (Yang et al 2011a). On the other hand, the secretion of organic acid (AOs) anions into the apoplast space by membrane proteins can reduce Al toxicity through the exclusion mechanism (Chauhan et al 2021;Shavrukov et al 2016) by preventing the binding of this metal to important cellular sites (Ikegawa et al 2000;Nunes-Nesi et al 2014).…”

“…In addition to the quantitative analysis of Al in plant tissues (mg •Kg-1 dry mass), the evaluation of the Al accumulation in cellular sites is important to the identification of Al resistance mechanisms (Ribeiro et al 2022;Silva et al 2020;Yoshida et al 2023). The accumulation of this metal can be observed in situ using specific dyes, such as hematoxylin (Brito et al 2020;Ribeiro et al 2022;Siqueira et al 2020;Souza et al 2016;Yoshida et al 2023), and at the anatomical level the Chrome Azurol S staining (Silva et al 2020).…”

“…In addition to the quantitative analysis of Al in plant tissues (mg •Kg-1 dry mass), the evaluation of the Al accumulation in cellular sites is important to the identification of Al resistance mechanisms (Ribeiro et al 2022;Silva et al 2020;Yoshida et al 2023). The accumulation of this metal can be observed in situ using specific dyes, such as hematoxylin (Brito et al 2020;Ribeiro et al 2022;Siqueira et al 2020;Souza et al 2016;Yoshida et al 2023), and at the anatomical level the Chrome Azurol S staining (Silva et al 2020). Additionally, the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) allows the detailed observation of the accumulation sites and the morphological and structural changes induced by Al (Brito et al 2020;Ribeiro et al 2022;Souza et al 2016;Yoshida et al 2023).…”

“…The accumulation of this metal can be observed in situ using specific dyes, such as hematoxylin (Brito et al 2020;Ribeiro et al 2022;Siqueira et al 2020;Souza et al 2016;Yoshida et al 2023), and at the anatomical level the Chrome Azurol S staining (Silva et al 2020). Additionally, the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) allows the detailed observation of the accumulation sites and the morphological and structural changes induced by Al (Brito et al 2020;Ribeiro et al 2022;Souza et al 2016;Yoshida et al 2023). Therefore, the use of microscopic techniques can provide important insights into Al sensitivity or tolerance (Ribeiro et al 2022;Yoshida et al 2023).…”

“…Additionally, the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) allows the detailed observation of the accumulation sites and the morphological and structural changes induced by Al (Brito et al 2020;Ribeiro et al 2022;Souza et al 2016;Yoshida et al 2023). Therefore, the use of microscopic techniques can provide important insights into Al sensitivity or tolerance (Ribeiro et al 2022;Yoshida et al 2023).…”