Tolerance Curves of Acceleration and Intracranial Pressure and Protective Index in Experimental Head Injury

Gurdjian, E. S.; Roberts, Verne L.; Thomas, L. M.

doi:10.1097/00005373-196609000-00005

Cited by 201 publications

(84 citation statements)

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“…League [17] and is in agreement with research performed on animals [36][37]. While the proposed risk may be specific to head-to-head collisions in football, there is currently no data available which would indicate that the risk associated with a puck impact to the head would be different.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

For ASTM F-08: Protective Capacity of Ice Hockey Player Helmets against Puck Impacts

Rousseau

Hoshizaki

Gilchrist

2014

Mechanism of Concussion in Sports

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Many studies have assessed the ability of hockey helmets to protect against falls and collisions, yet none have addressed the injury risk associated with puck impacts. Thus, the purpose of this study was to document the capacity of a typical vinyl nitrile ice hockey helmet to reduce head accelerations and brain deformation caused by a puck impact. A bare and a helmeted Hybrid III male 50 th percentile headform were struck with a puck three times to the forehead at 17, 23, 29, and 35 m/s using a pneumatic puck launcher. Linear and rotational accelerations were captured using accelerometers fitted in the headform and used as input in the University College Dublin Brain Trauma Model to obtain brain deformation. The helmet reduced peak resultant linear acceleration, peak resultant rotational acceleration, and maximum principal strain but a comparison with published brain injury risk curves shows that it did not reduce the concussion risk below 50 % for impacts at or above 23 m/s. Thus, a vinyl nitrile ice hockey helmets can protect players from direct puck impacts in amateur and youth leagues but may not be adequate in competitive elite leagues, where the puck can be shot at velocities well above 23 m/s. Furthermore, competitive adult male ice hockey players struck to the helmet by a puck may need to consider changing their helmet as it was shown that direct impacts above 29 m/s decreased the helmet's ability to reduce head peak linear acceleration in subsequent impacts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

For ASTM F-08: Protective Capacity of Ice Hockey Player Helmets against Puck Impacts

Rousseau

Hoshizaki

Gilchrist

2014

Mechanism of Concussion in Sports

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“…20 The Wayne State Tolerance Curve (WSTC) was developed from a series of tests on dogs and cadavers and related linear acceleration and duration of acceleration to injury tolerance. 16 Injury metric functions such as severity index (SI) and head injury criterion (HIC) were subsequently developed from analyses of the WSTC. 11,53 These injury metrics were primarily developed to predict skull fracture, although they were thought to likely correlate with severe parenchymal brain injury as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotational Head Kinematics in Football Impacts: An Injury Risk Function for Concussion

et al. 2011

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Recent research has suggested a possible link between sports-related concussions and neurodegenerative processes, highlighting the importance of developing methods to accurately quantify head impact tolerance. The use of kinematic parameters of the head to predict brain injury has been suggested because they are indicative of the inertial response of the brain. The objective of this study isto characterize the rotational kinematics of the head associated with concussive impacts using a large head acceleration dataset collected from human subjects. The helmets of 335 football players were instrumented with accelerometer arrays that measured head acceleration following head impacts sustained during play, resulting in data for 300,977 subconcussive and 57 concussive head impacts. The average subconcussive impact had a rotational acceleration of 1230 rad/s 2 and a rotational velocity of 5.5 rad/s, while the average concussive impact had a rotational acceleration of 5022 rad/s 2 and a rotational velocity of 22.3 rad/s. An injury risk curve was developed and a nominal injury value of 6383 rad/s 2 associated with 28.3 rad/s represents 50% risk of concussion. These data provide an increased understanding of the biomechanics associated with concussion, and they provide critical insight into injury mechanisms, human tolerance to mechanical stimuli, and injury prevention techniques.

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“…8,32,43,60,61,62,64,75,86,88 At 7 m/s helmeted falls resulted in engineering parameters within reported ranges TBI 8,9,60,61,75,86 suggesting the ice hockey helmet is being impacted beyond its functional range. 31 Ice hockey helmets are designed to pass certification standards replicating the injurious impact events examined by Gurdjian et al 18 which involved cadaver head drops to a rigid surface. The results of this study support the capacity of the tested ice hockey helmet to reduce engineering parameters from falls to hard surfaces such as ice and, as a result, TBI has largely disappeared from the sport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[12][13][14]17,20,28,31,32,49,52,57,58,74,85,87 Falls in ice hockey are typically characterized by the mass of the head impacting a rigid impact surface, 25 resulting in high magnitude and short duration linear and rotational acceleration. 12,53,54,59 Such an event is reflected in the current ice hockey certification standard as it aims to replicate the injurious impact events examined by Gurdjian et al 18 which involved an animal model and cadaver head drops to a rigid surface. Injuries caused by puck impacts are characterized by low mass and high velocity impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Capacity of Ice Hockey Helmets against Different Impact Events

et al. 2016

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Publication AbstractIn ice hockey, concussions can occur as a result of many different types of impact events, however hockey helmets are certified using a single injury scenario, involving drop tests to a rigid surface. The purpose of this study is to measure the protective capacity of ice hockey helmets for different impact events in ice hockey. A helmeted and unhelmeted Hybrid III headform were impacted simulating falls, elbow, shoulder and puck impacts in ice hockey.Linear and rotational acceleration and maximum principal strain (MPS) were measured. A comparison of helmeted and unhelmeted impacts found significant differences existed in most conditions (p<0.05), however some shoulder and puck impacts showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Impacts to the ice hockey helmet tested resulted in acceleration levels below reported ranges of concussion and TBI for falls up to 5 m/s, elbow collisions, and low velocity puck impacts but not for shoulder collisions or high velocity puck impacts and falls. The helmet tested reduced MPS below reported ranges of concussion and TBI for falls up to 5 m/s but not for the other impact events across all velocities and locations. This suggests that the ice hockey helmet tested is unable to reduce engineering parameters below reported ranges of concussion and TBI for impact conditions which do not represent a drop against a rigid surface.

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Tolerance Curves of Acceleration and Intracranial Pressure and Protective Index in Experimental Head Injury

Cited by 201 publications

References 0 publications

For ASTM F-08: Protective Capacity of Ice Hockey Player Helmets against Puck Impacts

For ASTM F-08: Protective Capacity of Ice Hockey Player Helmets against Puck Impacts

Rotational Head Kinematics in Football Impacts: An Injury Risk Function for Concussion

Protective Capacity of Ice Hockey Helmets against Different Impact Events

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