Tokens of virtue: Replicating incentivized measures of children’s prosocial behavior with online methods and virtual resources

Ahl, Richard E.; Hannan, Kelsey; Amir, Dorsa; Baker, Aaron; Sheskin, Mark; McAuliffe, Katherine

doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101313

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“… Ebersbach et al (2022) found that children (4–6 years old) were more likely to reject unequal offers when they were represented symbolically (tokens vs. stickers). In contrast, Ahl et al (2023) found that children were less likely to reject advantageous offers in a token-based online compared to an in-person real candy version of the inequity game. If symbolic distancing reduced the inhibitory demands of rejecting unequal distributions in the inequity game in the current study, it would be more likely that reduced inhibitory demands would wash out any benefit from employing reflective decision processes, rather than enhance the benefit of intuitive decisions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…We employed a modified version of the child-friendly Inequity Game (developed by Blake and McAuliffe, 2011 ), that has been used to study inequity aversion across several studies (e.g., Blake and McAuliffe, 2011 ; Blake et al, 2015 ; Corbit et al, 2017 , 2023b ). The original Inequity Game is administered with a physical apparatus that allows the actor to accept or reject distributions of candies by pulling a red handle to reject and green handle to accept (but see Ahl et al, 2023 for validation of an online version). In the current study we were specifically concerned about controlling the decision times that children had to process and decide how to respond to a distribution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time pressure increases children’s aversion to advantageous inequity

Corbit

2024

Front. Psychol.

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The relative contribution of intuitive and reflective cognitive systems in cooperative decision making is a topic of hot debate. Research with adults suggests that intuition often favors cooperation, but these effects are contextually sensitive. Emerging evidence has shown that in many contexts children show a tendency toward intuitive cooperation, but research investigating these processes in children is sparse and has produced mixed findings. In the current study we investigated the influence of intuitive and reflective decision processes on children’s fairness behavior by manipulating decision time. We tested (N = 158) pairs of children between 4 and 10 years of age from a rural community in Canada. Children’s decisions to accept or reject allocations of candies were either made under time pressure or after a 10-s delay. We assessed the impact of decision time on children’s aversion to inequitable distributions of resources by comparing their responses to equal allocations with either disadvantageous allocations or advantageous allocations. We found that children showed a greater age-related increase in advantageous inequity aversion when decisions were made under time pressure compared to when they were made after a delay. In contrast, we did not observe a significant impact of decision time on the development of disadvantageous inequity aversion. These findings suggest that intuitive decision processes may contribute to the development of fairness concerns in middle childhood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time pressure increases children’s aversion to advantageous inequity

Corbit

2024

Front. Psychol.

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“…Further, many of these decisions may force a trade-off between efficiency and fairness that is, in part, determined by the utility of the resource to the decision-maker (28,35). In other words, if the utility of the resource is lower (e.g.…”

Section: What Does This Tell Us About Cooperative Behavior More Gener...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The emergence of cooperative behaviors, norms, and strategies across five diverse societies

Amir,

Ahl,

Jordan

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Human cooperation involves a complex web of interconnected behaviors that develop across the lifespan in conjunction with the cultural environment. While we have learned much in recent decades about the early origins of these behaviors in Western societies, we still know relatively little about: (1) how cooperative behaviors vary across cultures, (2) how the normative environment shapes the development of different cooperative behaviors, and (3) the extent to which key cooperative behaviors relate to one another. In this investigation, we examined the development of a suite of four cooperative behaviors — those related to fairness, trustworthiness, forgiveness, and honesty — in children (N=413, 5-13 years old) from five diverse societies: urban-living children in the United States, rural-living children in Uganda, Canada, and Peru, and hunter-horticulturalist Shuar children in Amazonian Ecuador. In addition to behavioral data, we collected normative judgments from peers (N=163) and adults (N=86) in each community to culturally contextualize behavior within the larger normative environment. Examined together, we find compelling evidence for substantial cross-cultural variation in cooperative behaviors and norms among children, but that, more generally, both children’s behaviors and norms tend to converge toward community-specific norms in middle childhood. We also find three distinct cooperative strategies — Maximization, Generic Cooperation, Partner-Contingent Cooperation — show that these strategies change in prevalence across development, and find that the prevalence of each strategy varies across societies. This investigation advances our understanding of human cooperation by demonstrating how a constellation of cooperative behaviors develops across diverse societies and highlighting the underlying cultural forces that contribute to its development.

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“…We employed a modified version of the child-friendly Inequity Game (developed by Blake and McAuliffe, 2011), that has been used to study inequity aversion across several studies (e.g., Blake and McAuliffe, 2011;Blake et al, 2015;Corbit et al, 2017Corbit et al, , 2023b. The original Inequity Game is administered with a physical apparatus that allows the actor to accept or reject distributions of candies by pulling a red handle to reject and green handle to accept (but see Ahl et al, 2023 for validation of an online version). In the current study we were specifically concerned about controlling the decision times that children had to process and decide how to respond to a distribution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tokens of virtue: Replicating incentivized measures of children’s prosocial behavior with online methods and virtual resources

Cited by 7 publications

References 69 publications

Time pressure increases children’s aversion to advantageous inequity

Time pressure increases children’s aversion to advantageous inequity

The emergence of cooperative behaviors, norms, and strategies across five diverse societies

Table_1.DOCX

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