Toddlers’ helping, sharing, and empathic distress: Does the race of the target matter?

Laible, Deborah; Karahuta, Erin; Stout, Wyntre; Norden, Clare Van; Cruz, Alysia; Neely, Princess; Carlo, Gustavo; Agalar, Afra Elif

doi:10.1037/dev0001233

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Rather, children's temperamental shyness appears to play a role in how much social wariness they exhibit in presence of outgroup strangers. Thus, previous findings of mixed responses in toddlers’ social behaviors toward racial ingroup and outgroup individuals (e.g., Kinzler & Spelke, 2011; Laible et al., 2021) may be driven by factors that were not assessed in those studies. Future research will be aided by examining individual differences in shyness among other factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Children also tend to develop more same‐race than cross‐race friendships, and same‐race friendships increase whereas cross‐race friendships decrease across childhood (Aboud et al., 2003; Graham et al., 1998). Yet how young children use a person's race to guide their social behaviors is an active area of study with varied findings (Kinzler & Spelke, 2011; Laible et al., 2021; Waxman, 2021). Little is known about whether experimental findings based on looking time measures (e.g., how long infants look at a picture of a face) and forced‐choice methods (e.g., asking children to pick a friend between two pictures of children) relate to naturalistic, interpersonal behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children also tend to develop more same-race than cross-race friendships, and same-race friendships increase whereas cross-race friendships decrease across childhood (Aboud et al, 2003;Graham et al, 1998). Yet how young children use a person's race to guide their social behaviors is an active area of study with varied findings (Kinzler & Spelke, 2011;Laible et al, 2021;Waxman, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Children's social wariness toward a different‐race stranger relates to individual differences in temperament

Hwang

Filippi

Morales

et al. 2023

Developmental Science

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When children first meet a stranger, there is great variation in how much they will approach and engage with the stranger. While individual differences in this type of behavior—called social wariness—are well‐documented in temperament research, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the social groups (such as race) of the stranger and how these characteristics might influence children's social wariness. In contrast, research on children's social bias and interracial friendships rarely examines individual differences in temperament and how temperament might influence cross‐group interactions. The current study bridges the gap across these different fields of research by examining whether the racial group of an unfamiliar peer or adult moderates the association between temperament and the social wariness that children display. Utilizing a longitudinal dataset that collected multiple measurements of children's temperament and behaviors (including parent‐reported shyness and social wariness toward unfamiliar adults and peers) across early childhood, we found that 2‐ to 7‐year‐old children with high parent‐reported shyness showed greater social wariness toward a different‐race stranger compared to a same‐race stranger, whereas children with low parent‐reported shyness did not. These results point to the importance of considering racial group membership in temperament research and the potential role that temperament might play in children's cross‐race interactions.Research Highlights Previous research on temperament has not considered how the race of strangers could influence children's social wariness. We find evidence that 2‐ to 7‐year‐old children with high parent‐reported shyness show greater social wariness toward a different‐race stranger compared to a same‐race stranger. These results point to the importance of considering racial group membership in temperament research. Our findings also suggest temperament may play a role in children's cross‐race interactions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Children's social wariness toward a different‐race stranger relates to individual differences in temperament

Hwang

Filippi

Morales

et al. 2023

Developmental Science

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“…It is important to note, however, that prosocial situations involving an injury can include manipulatable objects. Experimenters in other studies, for example, have simulated pinching their fingers in clipboards, dropping baskets on their toes, or hitting their thumbs with toy mallets (Young et al, 1999;Liew et al, 2011;Laible et al, 2021;MacGowan and Schmidt, 2021). All of these comforting problems could be considered object-centred versions of our injurybased task.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the influence of shyness on children’s helping and comforting behaviour

Karasewich

Hines²,

Pinheiro³

et al. 2023

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionShy children, who tend to feel anxious around others and withdraw from social interactions, are found to be less prosocial than their not-shy peers in some studies, though not in others. To examine the contexts in which shy children may be more or less likely to engage in prosocial behaviour, we compared children’s willingness and ability to intervene during in-person tasks that differed in socialengagement demands and complexity, factors that have been conflated in past research.MethodsWe presented 42, 3.5- to 4.5-year-old children with prosocial problems that varied, in a 2 x 2 within-subjects design, by the type of intervention required (i.e., simple helping or complex comforting) and the source of the problem (i.e., social: within the experimenter’s personal space; or object: a target object distanced from her).ResultsMost of the children acted prosocially, with little prompting, in the two helping tasks and in the object-centered comforting task. In contrast, fewer than half of the children acted prosocially in the social-centered comforting task. Shyer children were not less likely to intervene in any of the four tasks, but they were slower to intervene in the object-centred comforting task, in which the experimenter was upset about a broken toy.DiscussionThus, providing social-centered comfort to a recently-introduced adult is challenging for young children, regardless of shyness, though shy children do show hesitancy with object-centered comforting. Further, these findings provide insights into the methodological challenges of disentangling children’s prosocial motivation and understanding, and we propose solutions to these challenges for future research.

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“…Regarding children, the relationship with their family, especially with their parents, will have a greater impact on their happiness than a relationship with peer. [ 3 4 ] Young children spend more time with family than with peers than older children. Interaction between children and parents through playing creates bonding and results in an increased score of couple satisfaction index (CSI) (p < 0.001) for both parents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of nutrition and quality of sleep and happiness in under-five-year-old children

Vandenplas¹,

Bardosono

Santosa³

et al. 2022

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

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Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the relation between happiness perception of children and quality of sleep, appetite, dietary intake and nutritional status. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluating happiness, quality of sleep, appetite, dietary intake and nutritional status in 296 Indonesian children less than five-years of age. Results: There was no significant difference on perceived happiness between urban and rural areas (P = 0.087). The proportion of children that are perceived as happy by mothers (55.1%) is significantly higher (p < 0.001) as perceived as happy by fathers (50.7%). A significant lower dietary energy intake with a higher percentage of dietary protein to total energy intake was observed among those children that are perceived as happy. However, after adjusted to body weight, there was no significant difference in the amount of protein intake between those perceived as happy and unhappy. Amongst the nutritional status indicators, this study found a significantly higher Height-for-Age Z score among the children that perceived as happy. Conclusion: Height-for-age Z score and dietary protein intake in children aged 2–5 years are associated with quality of sleep and appetite, and may therefore affect children’s happiness. Not only parental care but also appropriate nutrient intakes influence the child’s happiness.

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Toddlers’ helping, sharing, and empathic distress: Does the race of the target matter?

Cited by 8 publications

References 65 publications

Children's social wariness toward a different‐race stranger relates to individual differences in temperament

Children's social wariness toward a different‐race stranger relates to individual differences in temperament

Examining the influence of shyness on children’s helping and comforting behaviour

The contribution of nutrition and quality of sleep and happiness in under-five-year-old children

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