“…That is, based on the studies reviewed above 13,16,[20][21][22][23][24] , do infants in their first year already understand that the conformity with the behavior of others has social consequences, conforming behavior being socially approved (i.e., reinforced), but non-conforming behavior being socially disapproved (i.e., sanctioned), which is a key marker of social norms 4,5 ? Here it is crucial to test infants' responses to novel, arbitrary, actions, to go beyond the social evaluations towards behaviors that have themselves positive connotations because they are supportive of others' needs (e.g., helping versus hindering 13,25 ). These behaviors may be associated with positive (versus negative) responses either naturally, or based on infants former learning experience.…”