Abstract:This review summarizes the impact of tocotrienols (TCTs) as antioxidants in minimizing oxidative stress (OS), particularly in embryos exposed to OS causing agents. OS level is increased, for example, by nicotine, a major alkaloid content in cigarette, which is also a source of exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased nicotine-induced OS increases cell stress response, which is a common trigger leading to embryonic cell death. Having more profound anti-oxidative stress effects than its counterpart toc… Show more
“…T3s have been speculated as effective in shielding mitochondria and microsomes from oxidative stress. Mitochondria has been reported as the major target of oxidative stress due to its major role as an energy powerhouse which generates free radicals as by-products ( 90 ). Cytochrome c is generated excessively when ROS is produced inside the mitochondria ( 91 ).…”
Section: Therapeutic Mechanisms Of Tocotrienolsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, caspases-associated apoptosis is stimulated. Caspase-3 activation results in DNA-fragmentation and apoptosis ( 90 ).…”
Section: Therapeutic Mechanisms Of Tocotrienolsmentioning
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, are claimed to be of major concern causing a significant disease burden worldwide. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and nerve damage are the main reasons for the emergence of these diseases. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the common chemical molecule that is formed from all these three interdependent mechanisms which is highly reactive toward the neuronal cells. For these reasons, the administration of tocotrienols (T3s), which is a potent antioxidant, is proven to cater to this problem, through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Interestingly, their therapeutic potentials are not only limited to antioxidant property but also to being able to reverse the neuronal damage and act as a shield for mitochondria dysfunction. Thereby, T3s prevents the damage to the neurons. In regards to this statement, in this review, we focused on summarizing and discussing the potential therapeutic role of T3s on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and their protective mechanisms based on evidence from the in vitro and in vivo studies. However, there is no clinical trial conducted to prove the efficacy of T3s for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's subjects. As such, the therapeutic role of T3s for these neurodegenerative disorders is still under debate.
“…T3s have been speculated as effective in shielding mitochondria and microsomes from oxidative stress. Mitochondria has been reported as the major target of oxidative stress due to its major role as an energy powerhouse which generates free radicals as by-products ( 90 ). Cytochrome c is generated excessively when ROS is produced inside the mitochondria ( 91 ).…”
Section: Therapeutic Mechanisms Of Tocotrienolsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, caspases-associated apoptosis is stimulated. Caspase-3 activation results in DNA-fragmentation and apoptosis ( 90 ).…”
Section: Therapeutic Mechanisms Of Tocotrienolsmentioning
Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, are claimed to be of major concern causing a significant disease burden worldwide. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and nerve damage are the main reasons for the emergence of these diseases. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the common chemical molecule that is formed from all these three interdependent mechanisms which is highly reactive toward the neuronal cells. For these reasons, the administration of tocotrienols (T3s), which is a potent antioxidant, is proven to cater to this problem, through in vitro and in vivo investigations. Interestingly, their therapeutic potentials are not only limited to antioxidant property but also to being able to reverse the neuronal damage and act as a shield for mitochondria dysfunction. Thereby, T3s prevents the damage to the neurons. In regards to this statement, in this review, we focused on summarizing and discussing the potential therapeutic role of T3s on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and their protective mechanisms based on evidence from the in vitro and in vivo studies. However, there is no clinical trial conducted to prove the efficacy of T3s for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's subjects. As such, the therapeutic role of T3s for these neurodegenerative disorders is still under debate.
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