Tobacco use and its association with HPV infection in normal uterine cervix: A study from a Sustainable Development Goals perspective

Abstract

INTRODUCTION To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target 2030, the United Nations (UN) endorsed tobacco use reduction, which is essential in decreasing unnecessary deaths caused by tobacco-induced disease. This study investigates the association between tobacco use and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in clinically normal uterine cervix populations from the SDGs perspective. METHODS This study is a 7-year cross-sectional study of a clinically normal uterine cervix population, based on negative Visual Inspection of Acetic Acid (VIA). Subjects were recruited consecutively from the medical records of several public and private health providers in Jakarta. The Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) for Windows version 20.0 were used to analyze the data. RESULTS A total of 1397 negative VIA subjects were collected, consisting of 4.9% (69/1397) tobacco users, and 95.1% (1328/1397) non-users. HPV-DNA positive were 4.3% (3/69) in the tobacco user group and 3.7% (49/1328) in the non-user group. Statistical analysis showed unadjusted OR was 1.19 (95% CI: 0.36–3.91, p=0.778) and adjusted OR was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.36–3.89, p=0.786). High-risk HPV (hrHPV) infections of tobacco and non-tobacco users’ groups were found in 2/3 and 27/49 (55.1%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study showed an insignificant statistical association between tobacco use and HPV infection in normal uterine cervix. However, the proportion of hrHPV infection was higher in tobacco users than non-users. From the SDGs perspective, cervical cancer is closely related to tobacco use and poverty. Further study is needed to support this result and evaluate other co-factor role-related cervical cancer history to achieve SDGs in 2030.

Impact of smoking exposure on human papillomavirus clearance among Chinese women: A follow-up propensity score matching study

“…For example, more liberal sexual habits and risky sexual behaviors were more familiar among smokers 34 , though this phenomenon was not seen in our study. Higher HPV 16 and HPV 18 DNA load was also associated with current smokers 35 , while the viral load was inversely associated with clearance 36 . Unfortunately, we did not have information on viral load.…”

“…Testing for HPV was conducted by using a PCRreverse dot hybridization technology, with the help of a PCR RDB HPV genotyping assay (Yaneng Bioscience Co., Ltd., China) 13 ; 23 HPV types can be detected in total, covering 17 HR-HPV types (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,53,56,58,59,66,68,73,82) and 6 low-risk HPV types (6,11,42,43,81,83). DNA extraction, PCR amplification and result analysis were all conducted according to the manufacturer's instructions.…”

“…Most HPV infections are transient and disappear within 12-24 months after infection 5 . Persistent HPV infection, especially of high-risk types (including types 16,18,31,33,34,35,39,45,51,52,56,58,59, 66, 68, and 70), is considered the necessary cause of almost all cervical lesions and cancer progressions, but this is not the sufficient condition of cervical cancer 6 . Besides, studies have linked cigarette smoking, even passive smoking, to an increased risk of cervical cancer or its precursor lesions 7 .…”

Biological, demographic, and health factors associated with HPV infection in Ecuadorian women

“…From the liquid-based sample, an aliquot was made in a laminar flow hood for the identification of HPV, by broad spectrum genotyping, using the 37 HPV GenoArray Diagnostic Kit (Hybribio ® Diagnostics Ltd., Sheung Wan, Hong Kong). The kit detected the presence of 37 different HPV genotypes: 15 high (16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,53,56,58,59, 66, 68), 6 low (6,11,42,43,44, 81 (CP8304)) and 16 undetermined risk (26,34,40,54,55,57,61,67,69,70,71,72,73,82,83,84). HPV DNA was extracted from cervical cells using an alkaline lysis method.…”

Prevalence and Risk Factors for High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Disorders: Baseline Findings From an Human Papillomavirus Cohort Study

“…47 The positive association between smoking history and multiple infections by HPV-16 and non-16/18 HR-HPV, specifically HPV-53 and HPV-58, has also been reported by other authors. 48,49 Several components of cigarette smoke and their metabolites have been detected in cervical mucus and may interact with HPV. Benzo[a]pyrene increased the number of HPV genome copies, modulated HPV DNA replication, and accelerated the HPV replication cycle.…”