Tobacco use among male inmates and their attitudes toward its prevention in Khartoum State: A cross-sectional study

Abstract

INTRODUCTION Tobacco use remains the most preventable cause of death and disability, with prisoners being a neglected population of tobacco users. The aim was to determine the prevalence of tobacco use and attitudes toward its prevention among adult male prisoners. METHODS We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among 349 adult male inmates from three prisons in Khartoum State. The interview questionnaire included questions related to tobacco use status, type of tobacco used, previous attempts to quit, smoking inside a room, frequency of tobacco use before and after incarceration, and attitude toward its prevention. Chi-squared and paired t-test were used to compare between different variables, with the level of significance set at p≤0.05. RESULTS The majority (69.1%) were in the age group 30-50 years. All of the studied prisoners were tobacco users of which: 43.8% used oral snuff (toombak); 22.1% were cigarette smokers; 30.9% used both cigarette and toombak; 0.6% used cigarette and waterpipe; and 3.2% used cigarette, toombak and waterpipe. Toombak users (alone or with other types of tobacco) were 272 (78%) with the majority (62.4%) dipping 2-5 times per day. There were 96 (57%) cigarette smokers (alone or with other types), and waterpipe users were 12 (3.8%). The majority (74.6%) of cigarette users shared their cell with other toombak users. For the majority (79.6%), the number of cigarettes and snuff dipping per day was directly proportional to the period of incarceration. Almost all (99.1%) prisoners know the harmful effects of tobacco use, and 64.5% had previously attempted to quit. Also, 98% of tobacco users reported a desire to quit and expressed willingness to participate in a tobacco-cessation program. CONCLUSIONS Different patterns and methods of tobacco use were explored, and all the studied prisoners were users. Tobacco use increased after incarceration. The willingness to participate in tobacco-cessation counselling should be met with the implementation of a planned and well-designed prevention program. is a very popular substance used by the Sudanese community and represents an integral part of their culture 5,6 . It is not chewed but rather dipped and retained between the gums and the lips, cheeks, or floor of the mouth, and sucked slowly for approximately 10-15 min 7 . The prevalence of toombak use is around 47% among men aged 40

Tobacco Use in Sudan: Prevalence, Patterns, and Determinants – A Systematic Review

“…A study investigating knowledge, attitude, and practice of Toombak among school workers in Khartoum state reported that 9.6% school workers confirmed ever use of Toombak and the daily users were 64.7% [27]. The prevalence of tobacco smoking among diabetics was found to be 33.9% [28], while the prevalence of tobacco use among male prisoners in Khartoum was found to be 100%, of whom 78% were Toombak users, 57% cigarette smokers, 30.9% used both cigarette and Toombak, 0.6% used cigarette and water pipe while 3.2% used cigarette, Toombak and shisha together, and shisha users were 3.8% [29] (Table 2).…”

“…Ahmed [33] 1 1 1 1 1 −1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Idris et al [5] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Almahdi et al [13] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Mahmoud et al [11] 1 1 1 1 −1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Dirar [14] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Elamin et al [12] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Elmanna [18] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Osman et al [16] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Ahmed et al [17] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Almahdi et al [24] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Mohamedet al [19] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Othman et al [22] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Almahdi et al [23] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Elmosaad et al [26] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Gadalla et al [21] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 El-Amin et al [25] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Atari [20] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Awooda and Shashati [29] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Awadalla et al [28] 1 1 1 1 −1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Almahdi et al [27] 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Key A Was the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? B Was the study population clearly specified and defined?…”

“…1 = yes, 0 = not applicable, −1 = no. 100%, of whom 78% were Toombak users, 57% cigarette smokers, 30.9% used both cigarette and Toombak, 0.6% used cigarette and water pipe while 3.2% used cigarette, Toombak and shisha together, and shisha users were 3.8% [29] (Table 2).…”

Factores asociados al riesgo relacionado con el uso de sustancias psicoactivas por hombres privados de libertad

“…Estos hallazgos corroboran la investigación que identificó el aumento de la frecuencia del uso de tabaco entre presos, con la justificación de conseguir lidiar con el estrés asociado al encarcelamiento (38) . El mayor consumo de SPAs por los prisioneros en Ecuador también estuvo asociado al encarcelamiento (39) , retratando la necesidad de abordar ese asunto en el ambiente carcelario para la planificación de acciones eficaces y efectivas con las PPLs.…”

Fatores associados ao risco relacionado ao uso de substâncias psicoativas por homens privados de liberdade

“…Esses achados corroboram uma pesquisa que identificou o aumento da frequência do uso de tabaco entre presos com a justificativa de conseguirem lidar com o estresse associado ao encarceramento (38) . O maior consumo de SPAs pelos prisioneiros no Equador também esteve associado ao encarceramento (39) , retratando a necessidade de abordar esse assunto no ambiente prisional para o planejamento de ações eficazes e efetivas com as PPLs.…”