Tobacco Promotion and the Initiation of Tobacco Use: Assessing the Evidence for Causality

DiFranza, Joseph R.; Wellman, Robert J.; Sargent, James D.; Weitzman, Michael; Hipple, Bethany; Winickoff, Jonathan P.

doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1817

Cited by 227 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…The exact timing, duration and magnitude of the smoking epidemic might vary significantly from one country to another and from male to female [44]. The tobacco industry recruits and retains smokers by associating its products with excitement, independence, sexuality and a "cool" style [33,45]. The symbolic value of smoking, representing adolescent freedom and independence, is reinforced through tobacco advertising [32,46,47]; the harm to children and adolescents has become apparent [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tobacco industry recruits and retains smokers by associating its products with excitement, independence, sexuality and a "cool" style [33,45]. The symbolic value of smoking, representing adolescent freedom and independence, is reinforced through tobacco advertising [32,46,47]; the harm to children and adolescents has become apparent [45]. A recent WHO report has revealed how commercial companies have successfully marketed cigarettes designed specifically for women [13,48] and direct advertising devoted to the female population [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Progression from first try to daily use was supposed to take 2 to 3 years and progression to nicotine dependence even more [50]. Nevertheless, symptoms of nicotine dependence have been shown to occur early after smoking onset [45,51,52]. Such elements certainly contribute to explain at least in part the lack of sustained impact of tobacco programmes for youths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex and gender differences in tobacco smoking among adolescents in French secondary schools

Kalaboka

Piau

King

et al. 2016

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis

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Aim. We investigated the relationship between sex (genetic/biological) and gender (environmental/ cultural) factors in relation to adolescent tobacco smoking. Methods. A representative sample of 11,582 students from French secondary public schools participated in the study by completing a self-administered, standardised questionnaire. Results. Using the WHO classification for smoking in the youth, 15.6% of the adolescents were regular smokers, 7.7% occasional smokers, 17.9% experimental smokers and 4.8% ex-smokers, with no statistically significant gender difference. Taking non-smoking as a reference, puberty had a much greater effect on the likelihood of being a regular smoker [OR=18.0 (95% Confidence Interval: 9.6- 32)] than of being an experimental/occasional smoker [OR=3.7 (2.9-4.6)] among girls. For boys, the effect of puberty was not as great [OR=4.7 (3.5-6.5)] for regular vs. [OR=2.1 (1.8-2.5)] for experimental/occasional smokers). Similarly, illicit drug use had a larger effect on the likelihood of being regular smoker vs. non-smoker [OR=15.0 (12.0-20.0) in boys and 12 (8.8-16.0) in girls] than of being experimental/occasional smoker vs. a non-smoker [OR=4.8 (3.7-6.1) and 2.9 (2.1-3.9) respectively]. Other factors related to regular smoking were exposure to passive smoking and regular alcohol consumption. Living with both parents was a protective factor for life and regular smoking in both genders. Conclusions. Our results show that influential factors of sex-related (puberty), gender-specific (environmental tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, drug abuse) or sex/gender (regular sexual intercourse) are related to the smoking behaviour in French adolescents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex and gender differences in tobacco smoking among adolescents in French secondary schools

Kalaboka

Piau

King

et al. 2016

Monaldi Arch Chest Dis

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“…Unger et al (1997) who carried out a longitudinal study for two years on adolescents, found that adolescents who were in the "susceptible" category in the 7 th grade were 3 times more at risk to try smoking after a period of 2 years compared to those in the "nonsusceptible" category. Meanwhile, Difranza et al (2006) reported that susceptible adolescents were 2-3 times more likely to become experimental smokers. Also, Jackson, (1998) found that cognitive susceptibility was the main predictor contributing to smoking initiation among primary school students after a period of one year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of Susceptibility to Smoking among Secondary School Students in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia

Hock

Ghazali²,

Kee³

et al. 2013

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Background: Smoking among adolescents has been linked to a variety of adverse and long term health consequences. "Susceptibility to smoking" or the lack of cognitive commitment to abstain from smoking is an important predictor of adolescent smoking. In 2008, we conducted a study to determine the psycho-sociological factors associated with susceptibility to smoking among secondary school students in the district of Kota Tinggi, Johor. Materials and Methods: Two thousand seven hundred students were randomly selected by proportional stratified sampling. Analyses on 1,736 non-smoking students revealed that prevalence of adolescents susceptible to smoking was 16.3%. Results: Male gender (aOR=2.05, 95%CI= 1.23-3.39), poor academic achievement (aOR 1.60, 95%CI 1.05-2.44), ever-smoker (aOR 2.17, 95%CI 1.37-3.44) and having a smoking friend (aOR 1.76, 95%CI 1.10-2.83) were associated with susceptibility to smoking, while having the perception that smoking prohibition in school was strictly enforced (aOR 0.55, 95%CI 0.32-0.94), and had never seen friends smoking in a school compound (aOR 0.59, 95%CI 0.37-0.96) were considered protective factors Conclusions: These results indicate that follow-up programmes need to capitalise on the modifiable factors related to susceptibility to smoking by getting all stakeholders to be actively involved to stamp out smoking initiation among adolescents.

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“…Studies conducted around the world have found that youth with high exposure and awareness levels to protobacco messaging, whether through advertising, point-of-sale displays, depictions in movies, or promotional materials, are more likely to smoke. [8][9][10][11] In 2003, the World Health Assembly responded to the global tobacco epidemic by adopting the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Article 13 of the FCTC addresses tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, whereas Article 11 focuses on tobacco packaging and labeling; however, there is evidence and concern that there is still a long way to go to achieve full implementation of the recommended provisions.…”

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confidence: 99%

International Reach of Tobacco Marketing Among Young Children

Borzekowski

Cohen

2013

Pediatrics

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Prosmoking messages, delivered through marketing and the media, can reach very young children and influence attitudes and behaviors around smoking. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Marketing of tobacco and cigarette brands has successfully reached young children in low-and middle-income countries. More effective measures are needed to restrict the reach of tobacco marketing. abstract BACKGROUND: Prosmoking messages, delivered through marketing and the media, can reach very young children and influence attitudes and behaviors around smoking. This study examined the reach of tobacco marketing to 5 and 6 year olds in 6 low-and middle-income countries. METHODS:Researchers worked one-on-one with 5 and 6 year olds in Brazil, China, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Russia (N = 2423). The children were asked to match logos with pictures of products, including 8 logos for cigarette brands. Analyses examined, overall and by country, whether gender, age, location, household use of tobacco, and knowledge of media characters were associated with awareness of cigarette brand logos. Additional analyses considered the relationship between cigarette brand logo awareness and intentions to smoke. RESULTS:Overall, 68% of 5 and 6 year olds could identify at least 1 cigarette brand logo, ranging from 50% in Russia to 86% in China. Across countries, being slightly older and having someone in the household who used tobacco, were significantly associated with greater odds of being able to identify at least 1 cigarette brand logo. CONCLUSIONS:The majority of young children from low-and middleincome countries are familiar with cigarette brands. This study' s findings suggest that more effective measures are needed to restrict the reach of tobacco marketing. Pediatrics 2013;132:e825-e831 AUTHORS:

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Tobacco Promotion and the Initiation of Tobacco Use: Assessing the Evidence for Causality

Cited by 227 publications

References 108 publications

Sex and gender differences in tobacco smoking among adolescents in French secondary schools

Sex and gender differences in tobacco smoking among adolescents in French secondary schools

Correlates of Susceptibility to Smoking among Secondary School Students in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia

International Reach of Tobacco Marketing Among Young Children

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