Tobacco and cigarette butt consumption in humans and animals

Novotny, Thomas E.; Hardin, Sarah N; Hovda, Lynn R.; Novotny, Dale J; McLean, Mary Kay; Khan, Safdar A.

doi:10.1136/tc.2011.043489

Cited by 109 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…It is less clear what the adverse health impact of generally transient, low-level exposure in these settings is; however, proponents have also cited environmental issues (eg, litter),92 93 quality of life issues and protection of children from role modelling smoking behaviour as reasons why such policies are justified. The evaluation model in figure 1 focuses on reduced SHS as the key endpoint.…”

Section: The Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future

2012

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Smoke-free policies have been an important tobacco control intervention. As recently as 20 years ago, few communities required workplaces and hospitality venues to be smoke-free, but today approximately 11% of the world's population live in countries with laws that require these places to be smoke-free. This paper briefly summarises important milestones in the history of indoor smoke-free policies, the role of scientific research in facilitating their adoption, a framework for smoke-free policy evaluation and industry efforts to undermine regulations. At present, smoke-free policies centre on workplaces, restaurants and pubs. In addition, many jurisdictions are now beginning to implement policies in outdoor areas and in shared multiunit housing settings. The future of smoke-free policy development depends on credible scientific data that documents the health risks of secondhand smoke exposure. Over the next 20 years smoke-free policies will very likely extend to outdoor and private areas, and changes in the types of tobacco products that are consumed may also have implications for the nature and scope of the smoke-free policies of the future.

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Section: The Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future

2012

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“…These include Al, Br, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Sr, Ti and Zn (Moerman and Potts 2011). Moreover, these leachates when released into the aquatic environment may cause exposure not only to heavy metals but also ethyl phenol and pesticide residues (Novotny et al 2011). This contamination by cigarette butts thrown out of the windows of moving cars, dropped on sidewalks and left on the beach is serious when they eventually find their ways to the street drains and then to the streams, rivers and oceans (Novotny et al 2009).…”

Section: Cigarette Butts and Their Environmental Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The butts themselves are a threat to human infants and animals' health due to indiscriminate eating behavior (Novotny et al 2011). With around 766,571 metric tons of cigarette butts being manufactured each year (Smith and Novotny 2011), a significant challenge has to be tackled to devise appropriate disposal regulations.…”

Section: Cigarette Butts and Their Environmental Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the porous structure construction of mesoporous charred carbon from used cigarette filters

2013

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One-step pyrolysis was applied to synthesize mesoporous charred carbon from used cigarette filters. Proximate analysis suggested that cigarette filters are decent carbon precursors due to their moderate carbon (around 11 %) and low ash (around 0.1 %) contents. To investigate the effects of pyrolysis parameters on porous surface area, a full factorial design of experiment including heating rate, soaking time and pyrolysis temperature was used with each factor at three levels. The analysis of variance revealed that the temperature and heating rate had the most significant effects on total surface area of the synthesized carbon. Response surface model (RSM) was applied to best fit a surface through the experimental data. It was seen that the quadratic RSM model with a reasonable R 2 value of 63 % was the best developed model. The maximum BET surface area (597 m 2 /g) was reached at a pyrolysis temperature of 900°C when the precursor was heated at 5°C/min and hold at this temperature for 3 h. The produced N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherm showed a certain degree of mesoporosity in the charred carbon with an average pore size of 3.32 nm calculated by BarrettJoyner-Halenda method. Scanning electron microscopy also showed the presence of macroporosity on the charred carbon surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of acidic surface functional groups such as carboxyl and phenol which were accordingly confirmed by Boehm titration. In addition, Boehm titration showed that the produced carbon's surface was more acidic than basic in nature.

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“…They are toxic, non-biodegradable, and the pollution of the environment, which lead to the recycling of used cigarette filters become more topical. [1,2] Various research groups have been tried to extract nicotine, solanesol, triacetyl glycerin, and cellulose acetate from used cigarette filters or turn them into functional materials. [3][4][5][6][7][8] However, these methods for the recycling of used cigarette filters usually have some limitations including high costs, complex operation, and low efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-step fabrication of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cigarette filters for oil-water separation

Liu

Chen

Yang

et al. 2015

Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology

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To develop a simple and efficient way to recycle used cigarette filters, we report on a one-step method for preparing superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cigarette filters for oil-water separation. The robust coating layer on the surface of the cellulose acetate fiber, along with the inherent rough texture of the cigarette filter, could lead to its surface that displayed superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. Water droplets can retain in spherical shapes on the modified cigarette filters, while oils were immediately absorbed by the cigarette filters with high absorption capacity. As a result, free oil-water mixtures were separated with efficiency of above 98.0% by the driving force of gravity, and water-in-oil emulsion was also separated with a promising flux of about 2500 L m −2 h −1 . The purity of oil for the tested emulsion was above 99.96%, indicating extremely high separation efficiency. This method for the fabrication of the superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cigarette filters would be a good candidate for recycling the solid wastes and developing an economic oil-water separation material to meet emerging needs in practical applications.

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Tobacco and cigarette butt consumption in humans and animals

Cited by 109 publications

References 19 publications

Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future

Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future

Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the porous structure construction of mesoporous charred carbon from used cigarette filters

One-step fabrication of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cigarette filters for oil-water separation

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