Tobacco and bone fractures

Hernigou, Jacques; Schuind, Frédéric

doi:10.1302/2046-3758.86.bjr-2018-0344.r1

Cited by 69 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…Therefore, the dosage used in the present study mimics the human condition. Even though cigarettes have more than 4 thousand active components in their formulation (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (US) 2010, Hernigou & Schuind 2019), nicotine was used in this study as it is the main active constituent of this combination and has been widely used in studies of periodontitis development in rats (Nociti et al . 2000, Liu et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of alcohol and nicotine consumption on the development of apical periodontitis in rats: a correlative micro‐computed tomographic, histological and immunohistochemical study

et al. 2020

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AimTo evaluate the effects of alcohol and nicotine, when used alone or simultaneously, in the development of apical periodontitis induced in rats, using a correlative analytic approach with micro‐CT, histological and immunohistochemical analysis.MethodologyTwenty‐eight male Wistar rats were arranged into four groups: Control, Nicotine, Alcohol and Alcohol + Nicotine. The alcohol groups were exposed to self‐administration of a 25% alcohol solution, whilst the other groups drunk only filtered water. The nicotine groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of a solution with 0.19 μL of nicotine per mL, whilst the other groups received saline solution. The pulps of the left mandibular first molars were exposed for 28 days to induce periapical lesions. Throughout the experiment, drug administration was maintained, and the animals had their weight and solid and liquid consumption measured. After euthanasia, the mandibles were removed and the area, volume and major diameter of the periapical lesions were measured using micro‐computed tomography images. The samples were submitted to histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry for RANKL and PTHrP. Statistical analysis was undertaken with a significance level of 5%. Nonparametric data were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's test, whilst one‐way anova followed by Tukey's test was performed for parametric data.ResultsThe alcohol groups had lower solid and liquid consumption and gained less weight when compared to the nonalcohol groups (P < 0.05). The Alcohol + Nicotine group had lesions with significantly larger volume and area when compared to the other groups (P < 0.05), whilst the Alcohol or Nicotine groups had significantly larger lesions than the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the largest diameter of the lesions amongst groups (P > 0.05). The experimental groups had greater inflammatory response scores than the control group (P < 0.05), and the representative samples had more pronounced immunoreaction against RANKL and PTHrP antibodies.ConclusionsAlcohol and nicotine consumption exacerbated the inflammatory response and the development of periradicular lesions in rats. The association of both substances enhanced their harmful effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of alcohol and nicotine consumption on the development of apical periodontitis in rats: a correlative micro‐computed tomographic, histological and immunohistochemical study

et al. 2020

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“…Several researchers agree that smokers are at greater risk of infection [ 48 , 49 ]. In fact, the inhalation of the mixture of components present in tobacco smoke has negative effects on the immune system, both locally and peripherally [ 50 ]. Smoking is known to promote the infection of surgical wounds; this complication appears to be related to nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO), which are the main substances predisposing patients to wound infection [ 50 ].…”

Section: Medical and Surgical Complications Of Fragility Fractures In Smokersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal System Biology and Smoke Damage: From Basic Science to Medical Clinic

Tarantino

Cariati

Greggi

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Cigarette smoking has a negative impact on the skeletal system, as it reduces bone mass and increases fracture risk through its direct or indirect effects on bone remodeling. Recent evidence demonstrates that smoking causes an imbalance in bone turnover, making bone vulnerable to osteoporosis and fragility fractures. Moreover, cigarette smoking is known to have deleterious effects on fracture healing, as a positive correlation between the daily number of cigarettes smoked and years of exposure has been shown, even though the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. It is also well known that smoking causes several medical/surgical complications responsible for longer hospital stays and a consequent increase in the consumption of resources. Smoking cessation is, therefore, highly advisable to prevent the onset of bone metabolic disease. However, even with cessation, some of the consequences appear to continue for decades afterwards. Based on this evidence, the aim of our review was to evaluate the impact of smoking on the skeletal system, especially on bone fractures, and to identify the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the impairment of fracture healing. Since smoking is a major public health concern, understanding the association between cigarette smoking and the occurrence of bone disease is necessary in order to identify potential new targets for intervention.

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“…Cigarette smoking is significantly associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD), increased risk of fracture, and reduced fracture healing. 1 , 2 Smoking is also independently associated with increased incidence of post-surgery complications such as infection and aseptic loosening following arthroplasty. 3 - 6 While cigarette consumption has declined over the past decade, the use of electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes), or vaping, has risen dramatically, partly due to being regarded as a safer alternative to smoking.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…8 Increased use of E-cigarettes will undoubtedly represent a harm reduction in comparison to cigarettes due to less exposure to carcinogens and toxicants. 2 , 10 However, E-cigarette usage still results in systemic exposure to numerous and potentially harmful vapour constituents, including nicotine (in nicotine-containing liquids), flavouring chemicals, and reactive aldehydes, particularly for highly vascularized tissues such as the bone. 2 Critically, recent data suggest that vaping may be considerably more harmful than first thought.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2 , 10 However, E-cigarette usage still results in systemic exposure to numerous and potentially harmful vapour constituents, including nicotine (in nicotine-containing liquids), flavouring chemicals, and reactive aldehydes, particularly for highly vascularized tissues such as the bone. 2 Critically, recent data suggest that vaping may be considerably more harmful than first thought. 11 Despite this, there has been limited investigation into the impact of E-cigarette usage on bone health, particularly over extended time periods.…”

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confidence: 99%

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