To Tattoo or not to Tattoo

Petersen, Henrik; Roth, Klaus

doi:10.1002/ciuz.201500740

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In order to avoid the contamination, preservatives are added to the mixture. Other impurities that can be found on tattoos are primary aromatic amines (PAA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [6,7]. In this study, we use two organic PMU inks: PMU-black (Amiea, Organic line, Deep Black, MT.…”

Section: Liquid Inks Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the advances made in electronics and improved hygienic conditions, the basic injection process has not changed much. According to experts, depending on the skin type and individual, a tattoo can be painful, cause skin related allergies, while 20-50% of the ink is not injected [7]. The method used for tattooing and permanent make-up is in principle the same: the repeated injection * l.a.oyartegalvez@utwente.nl of one or several needles into the skin delivers ink droplets through the open wounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inks are composed of different pigments suspended in a carrier solution, together with binders and additives [6]. Each ink formulation has different ingredient proportions, conferring tailored fluid dynamic properties, such as viscosity, surface tension and density [7,8]. Pigments are inorganic particles responsible for the ink colour tone, with a particle size range of 0.1 µm -50 µm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High speed imaging of solid needle and liquid micro-jet injections

Gálvez

Pérez

Rivas

2019

Journal of Applied Physics

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High speed imaging was used to capture the fast dynamics of two injection methods. The first one and perhaps the oldest known, is based on solid needles and used for dermal pigmentation, or tattooing. The second, is a novel needle-free micro-jet injector based on thermocavitation. We performed injections in agarose gel skin surrogates, and studied both methods using ink formulations with different fluidic properties to understand better the end-point injection. Both methods were used to inject water and a glycerin-water mixture. Commercial inks were used with the tattoo machine and compared with the other liquids injected. The agarose gel was kept stationary or in motion at a constant speed, along a plane perpendicular to the needle. The agarose deformation process due to the solid needle injection was also studied. The advantages and limitations of both methods are discussed, and we conclude that micro-jet injection has better performance than solid injection when comparing several quantities for three different liquids, such as the energy and volumetric delivery efficiencies per injection, depth and width of penetrations. A newly defined dimensionless quantity, the penetration strength, is used to indicate potential excessive damage to skin surrogates. Needle-free methods, such as the micro-jet injector here presented, could reduce the environmental impact of used needles, and benefit the health of millions of people that use needles on a daily basis for medical and cosmetic use. arXiv:1811.00510v1 [physics.app-ph] 1 Nov 2018

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Section: Liquid Inks Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High speed imaging of solid needle and liquid micro-jet injections

Gálvez

Pérez

Rivas

2019

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Deshalb brauchen wir zwei Ausgangspunkte, die so noch nicht zusammengespannt wurden: Farbe und Haut. Gab es auch schon, werden Sie sagen, da war doch 2016 dieser unter die Haut gehende Artikel über Tattoos [1]. Aber auch das ist hier nicht gemeint, nicht das Dauerhafte, kaum noch Loszuwerdende, sondern Farbe als Freude des Augenblicks.…”

Section: Abbunclassified

Farbe ist Lebensfreude: Beim Holi‐Fest in Kathmandu

Sicker¹

2021

Chemie in nserer Zeit

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Reisen Sie gern? Oft hat man dabei unerwartete Erlebnisse, die irgendwie mit Chemie zu tun haben und chemisches Lehrbuchwissen wird ungeahnt erweitert. Es verknüpft sich mit Geschichte und Geschichten, unbekannten Anwendungen, praktischen Handgriffen und dem realen Leben anderer Menschen. Man staunt über etwas, in dem man gar nichts Staunenswertes vermutete. Über solche kleinen Wunder soll diese Serie berichten. Mehr als sonst wollen wir dazu Fotos benutzen. Diesmal besuchen wir das Holi‐Fest in Kathmandu, der Hauptstadt von Nepal – das nächste findet dort am 29. März 2021 statt.

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“…These cells release histamines that cause a transient increase in vasodilation and vascular permeability accompanied with the release of cytokines that signal the next phase; influx of monocytes through the blood vessels (aided by vasodilation). Monocytes become macrophages when they reach the site of injury, after which they either consume the deposited ink and traverse to the lymph nodes or remain in the dermis (a reason for the seemingly permanent nature of tattoos) [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug delivery via tattooing: Effect of needle and fluid properties

Lawal

Rohilla

Marston

2021

Preprint

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Tattooing is a commonplace practice among the general populace in which ink is deposited within dermal tissue. Typically, an array of needles punctures the skin which facilitates the delivery of a fluid within the dermis. Although, a few studies in the past have investigated the potential of tattooing as an intradermal (ID) drug injection technique, an understanding of the fluid dynamics involved in the delivery of fluid into skin is still lacking. Herein, we sought to provide insight into the process via an in vitro study. We utilize a five needle flat array (5F) with a tattoo machine to inject fluids into gelatin gels. High-speed imaging was used to visualize the injection process and estimate the amount of fluid delive red after each injection upto the 50th injection. We investigate the role of reciprocating frequency (f) of the needle array and the physical properties of the fluids on the volume (Vo) and the percentage delivery (η) after injection. In addition, we illustrate the physical mechanism of fluid infusion during tattooing, which has not been reported. An understanding of the injection process via tattooing can be useful in the development of ID tattoo injectors as drug delivery devices.

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To Tattoo or not to Tattoo

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

High speed imaging of solid needle and liquid micro-jet injections

High speed imaging of solid needle and liquid micro-jet injections

Farbe ist Lebensfreude: Beim Holi‐Fest in Kathmandu

Drug delivery via tattooing: Effect of needle and fluid properties

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