To study the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus and risk factors associated with GDM

Abstract

Background: Diabetes is estimated to complicate 2-5% of all pregnancies of which 90% of those are detected during pregnancy i.e. gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the rest are overt or pregestational i.e. either Type 1 or Type 2. According to ADA, approximately 7% of all pregnancies are complicated by GDM resulting in more than 2,00,000 cases annually. The aim was to study the incidence of GDM among pregnant women between 24 to 28 weeks of gestation, to evaluate and compare the occurrence of risk factors e.g.; family history of diabetes, prematurity, history of foetal loss and congenital anomaly associated with diabetes in pregnancy.Methods: 50gm of glucose, glucose challenge test (GCT) was given to women coming for antenatal check-up between 24 to 28 weeks of gestation irrespective of presence or absence of risk factors for GDM.1 hour glucose levels were checked. Patients with glucose levels more than 130mg/dl were subjected to 100gm of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) according to Carpenter and Coustan modification of the National Diabetes Data. Data was compiled and statistically analysed.Results: In this study it was observed that 20 (women had raised GCT, 11 (5.3%) women developed GDM out of 206 women. All GDM patients have one or more risk factors. Age >25 years (63.6%) fetal loss (36.3%), BMI (33.3%) are common risk factors followed by family history of diabetes (27.3%).Conclusions: Family history of diabetes and past history of congenital anomalies are statistically significant in GDM group as compared to non GDM.

Incidence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in antenatal mothers in Goa, India

“…Studies conducted in other parts of India have documented similar observation thus making family history of DM an important variable in the etiology of GDM. 3,4,9,10 The present study revealed that risk factors associated with obstetric history such as past history of GDM (23.8%), history of macrosomia in previous pregnancy (2.1%) and Bad Obstetric History (4.2%) were more common in GDM than non-GDM group; however, amongst all these variables only past history of GDM was found to be significantly associated with GDM. Varija Thathagari et al, Shridevi AS et al and Kalpana Varma et al found all these three risk factors associated with previous pregnancy to be statistically significant determinants for developing GDM.…”

“…Varija Thathagari et al, Shridevi AS et al, Maxima Anand et al and Kalpana Varma et al also reported that advancing maternal age is a significant risk factor for developing GDM. 3,4,9,10 However Pallav Parikh et al in Gujarat did not observe such a significant finding. 11 This may be due to disparity in the study design with limitation to rural population in Gujarat.…”

“…8 In the present study the incidence of GDM was found to be 5.49% which was comparable to other studies conducted in India by Varija Thathagari et al in Mysore (5.5%), Maxima Anand et al in Punjab (5.3%) and Kalpana Varma in Uttar Pradesh (6.72%). 3,9,10 However, studies done by Shridevi AS et al in Davangere (11.5%), Karnataka and Pallav Parikh et al in Gujarat (13.79%) showed higher incidence of GDM. 4,11 This shows that there are wide variations in the incidence of GDM as reported in different parts of India.…”

“…Increased prevalence of GDM in women with higher BMI was found to be a significant finding in all the above-mentioned studies. 3,4,[9][10][11] Present study showed that majority of the antenatal mothers with GDM (60.3%) had family history of diabetes mellitus in their first-degree relatives. Studies conducted in other parts of India have documented similar observation thus making family history of DM an important variable in the etiology of GDM.…”

Epigenetic Profiles Reveal That ADCYAP1 Serves as Key Molecule in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

“…GDM refers to a varying degree of impaired glucose tolerance occurring for the first time during pregnancy, excluding patients who were with diabetes previous to gestation but were first diagnosed during pregnancy [1]. In China, the incidence of GDM is about 5%–7%, and there is an increasing trend [22]. According to the results of traditional research methods, the etiology of GDM is closely related to insulin resistance.…”