To shred or not to shred: A comparative techno-economic assessment of lithium ion battery hydrometallurgical recycling retaining value and improving circularity in LIB supply chains

Thompson, Dana L.; Hyde, Charlotte; Hartley, Jennifer M.; Abbott, Andrew P.; Anderson, Paul A.; Harper, Gavin

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105741

Cited by 83 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The levelized cost of collecting and recycling NiMH battery is estimated to be about $3,500 and $2,900 per tonne for the conservative and optimistic scenarios, respectively. This range of cost compares fairly with estimates of hydrometallurgical LiB recycling costs in the literature, which range from $1,540-8,430 per tonne in an analysis by Thompson et al (2021) (lower end of the range corresponds to inorganic acids and higher end corresponds to organic acids as leaching agents), $3,730 per tonne in a study by Qiao et al (2019) on battery recycling in China, and $3,400 per tonne in a study by Xu et al (2020) based on Argonne National Laboratory's EverBatt model (Dai et al, 2019).…”

Section: Ll Open Accesssupporting

confidence: 78%

A systematic analysis of the costs and environmental impacts of critical materials recovery from hybrid electric vehicle batteries in the U.S.

et al. 2022

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Section: Ll Open Accesssupporting

confidence: 78%

A systematic analysis of the costs and environmental impacts of critical materials recovery from hybrid electric vehicle batteries in the U.S.

et al. 2022

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“…[280] In this context, battery recycling is in constant competition with suppliers of virgin battery materials, both in terms of prices and material performance. [281,282] Several publications have indicated that better separation of material streams at the beginning of recycling can lead to higher product purity and recycling efficiency, contributing to a more competitive battery recycling industry. [281][282][283][284] Recently, Thompson et al evaluated the recycling costs for ten hydrometallurgical recycling processes from the literature and found that recycling based on shredded starting material offered cost savings of <20% for battery production compared to using virgin materials.…”

Section: Design For Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[281,282] Several publications have indicated that better separation of material streams at the beginning of recycling can lead to higher product purity and recycling efficiency, contributing to a more competitive battery recycling industry. [281][282][283][284] Recently, Thompson et al evaluated the recycling costs for ten hydrometallurgical recycling processes from the literature and found that recycling based on shredded starting material offered cost savings of <20% for battery production compared to using virgin materials. In comparison, recycling processes based on disassembled batteries as starting material showed cost savings of 40-80%, without considering additional disassembly costs.…”

Section: Design For Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Neumann

Petraniková

Meeus

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

377

186

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Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.

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“…In addition to the traditional shredding process, some researchers have proposed a more economical pretreatment process. Thompson et al [22] suggest disassembling spent LIBs and then layering them to retain product value and simplify downstream chemicals. The shredded material can be recycled into new cathode material with cost savings of up to 20%.…”

Section: Mechanical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

et al. 2022

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With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry in recent years, the use of lithium batteries is growing rapidly. From 2015 to 2040, the production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles could reach 0.33 to 4 million tons. It is predicted that a total of 21 million end-of-life lithium battery packs will be generated between 2015 and 2040. Spent lithium batteries can cause pollution to the soil and seriously threaten the safety and property of people. They contain valuable metals, such as cobalt and lithium, which are nonrenewable resources, and their recycling and treatment have important economic, strategic, and environmental benefits. Estimations show that the weight of spent electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries will reach 500,000 tons in 2020. Methods for safely and effectively recycling lithium batteries to ensure they provide a boost to economic development have been widely investigated. This paper summarizes the recycling technologies for lithium batteries discussed in recent years, such as pyrometallurgy, acid leaching, solvent extraction, electrochemical methods, chlorination technology, ammoniation technology, and combined recycling, and presents some views on the future research direction of lithium batteries.

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To shred or not to shred: A comparative techno-economic assessment of lithium ion battery hydrometallurgical recycling retaining value and improving circularity in LIB supply chains

Cited by 83 publications

References 53 publications

A systematic analysis of the costs and environmental impacts of critical materials recovery from hybrid electric vehicle batteries in the U.S.

A systematic analysis of the costs and environmental impacts of critical materials recovery from hybrid electric vehicle batteries in the U.S.

Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

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