“…Peanut kernels from different regions exhibit significant variations in quality and nutritional value, leading to their suitability for diverse application fields. However, the sale of counterfeit and inferior peanut kernels by certain merchants, who resort to illicit practices to deceive consumers for substantial profits, is profoundly unethical ( Pan et al, 2024 ). Therefore, establishing effective traceability techniques for peanuts is crucial for recalling non-compliant products and minimizing economic losses, also safeguarding the interests of consumers from a commercial standpoint ( Deniz et al, 2018 ).…”