To Investigate the Effects of Air Pollution (PM10 and SO2) on the Respiratory Diseases Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:Effects of air pollution parameters of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM10) values on the respiratory system were investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Data of SO 2 and PM10 were obtained daily for air pollution and classified into two groups: Group I (2006Group I ( -2007, coal burning years and Group II (2008II ( -2009, natural gas+ coal burning. Groups I and II were divided into two subgroups according to the months of combustion as combustible (November-April) and noncombustible (May-October). The number of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) was recorded between 2006 and 2009. RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference between Groups I and II for PM10 and SO 2 (p>0.05). Within the years, the values of SO 2 and PM10 were statistically different between the groups defined by month (p<0.01). The number of patients in the combustible and noncombustible subgroups were found to be different for every 4 years, and the numbers of patients with COPD or asthma were not changed through the years. There was a strong correlation between PM10 and COPD (r=0.59, p<0.01) and a weak correlation between PM10 and asthma (r=0.25, p>0.05). A correlation was found between SO 2 and COPD (p<0.01) but not between SO 2 and asthma (p>0.05). The number of visits for COPD and asthma was statistically different between combustible and noncombustible subgroups (X2:58.61, p=0.000; X2:34.55, p=0.000, respectively). The r2 values for SO 2 and PM10 for COPD patients were 17% and 24%, respectively, in contrast to 8% and 5%, respectivley for asthma patients. CONCLUSION:Air pollution is known to increase respiratory disease occurrences. With decrease in the usage of solid fuel, air pollution could be reduced and may be effective in preventing respiratory diseases. KEYWORDS:Air pollution, respiratory system disease, PM10, SO 2 , asthma, COPD INTRODUCTIONInhalation of toxic particles and gases increases epithelial permeability, which is one of natural defense mechanisms of the lungs; decreases mucociliary activity; and depresses macrophage functions. These substances render toxic effects in healthy or unhealthy individuals and can be a component of molecular events that commonly develop [1]. In vitro experimental studies conducted on humans and animals showed that the damages caused increased inflammatory cellular activation (e.g., neutrophils, T lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells), increased production of inflammatory cell proteins (cytokines and chemokines), increased oxidative stress with free radical formation [2] (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals), and decreased antioxidant enzyme levels (glutathione transferase and superoxide dismutase) [3].Several studies have shown that particulate matter (PM) in the air affect short-and long-term health. In many studies, there is evidence of effects of PM10 and PM2.5 (PM diameter of 10 or 2.5 µm) on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and on the increased rate of hospitalization [4]. Stud...

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