To eat or not to eat: Reward delay impulsivity in children with loss of control eating, attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, a double diagnosis, and healthy children

Munsch, Simone; Dremmel, Daniela; Wilhelm, Peter; Baierlé, Susanne; Fischer, Sophia; Hilbert, Anja

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221814

Cited by 5 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…This selection process resulted in the full-text examination of 19 articles, of which 7 articles were excluded for the following reasons: (a) they did not present data regarding the associations between LOC-eating and inhibitory control and/or reward sensitivity in the results, conclusion, or discussion sections ( n = 4); (b) they presented a global measure of eating behavior psychopathology, but did not explicitly evaluate LOC-eating ( n = 1); (c) they assessed general executive functioning rather than inhibitory control/reward sensitivity scores ( n = 1); and (d) the results regarding the relationship between LOC-eating and inhibitory control did not contain any data for the sample without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, a total of 12 articles were included in this review [ 18 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of Control over Eating, Inhibitory Control, and Reward Sensitivity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

et al. 2023

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Overview: In recent years, there has been increasing clinical and empirical interest in the concept of pediatric loss of control over eating, particularly about its link with the executive functions related to the concept of impulsivity, such as inhibitory control and reward sensitivity. However, there has yet to be a comprehensive literature synthesis about the associations between these variables. A comprehensive literature synthesis would help identify future research directions to advance the field in this area. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence concerning the associations between loss of control over eating, inhibitory control, and reward sensitivity in children and adolescents. Methods: The systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines proposed by PRISMA in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and PsycINFO. The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to assess the risk of bias. Results: Twelve studies met the selection criteria and were included in the final review. Overall, methodological heterogeneity, variability in assessment methods, and the age of participants make it difficult to draw general conclusions. Nevertheless, most studies with community samples of adolescents indicate that inhibitory control difficulties are linked to the concept of loss of control eating. The presence of obesity seems to be associated with inhibitory control difficulties, regardless of the presence of loss of control eating. Studies on reward sensitivity are scarcer. However, it has been suggested that higher reward sensitivity is related to loss of control eating behaviors in young people, particularly binge eating. Conclusions: The literature on the link between loss of control eating and trait-level facets of impulsivity (low inhibitory control and higher reward sensitivity) among young people remains limited, and more studies on children are needed. Findings from this review may make healthcare professionals more aware of the potential clinical importance of targeting the trait-level facets of impulsivity and help to inform existing and future weight-loss/maintenance interventions in childhood and adolescence.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of Control over Eating, Inhibitory Control, and Reward Sensitivity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

et al. 2023

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“…Moreover, the children with comorbid diagnoses were most likely to worry about losing control over eating during the task. These ndings suggest that a lack of behavioral inhibition (to food reward) in children with ADHD is a relevant factor in the drive to eat prematurely [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This study also found that children with LOC-E are more likely to exhibit high impulsivity on a neurobehavioral task (Go/No Go) and parent-rated scale compared to healthy controls. Another study used a delay of grati cation task (DoGT) in children with ADHD or LOC-E, comorbid diagnoses (ADHD and LOC-E), and healthy controls [10]. They found that children with ADHD and comorbid diagnoses had signi cantly higher risk of eating prematurely during the DoGT compared to children with only LOC-E or healthy controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of stimulant medication on loss of control eating in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A prospective, observational case series study protocol

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Hilbert

Taylor

et al. 2022

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Background: Loss of control eating (LOC-E) in youth predicts the later development of full-syndrome binge-eating disorder (BED), and therefore, could be a relevant target for prevention treatments. To develop these treatments, it is important to understand the underlying disease processes and mechanisms. Based on the putative role of neurocognitive impairments in the pathogenesis of LOC-E, treatments that modulate these neurocognitive factors warrant further exploration. For instance, stimulants are an effective treatment for impulsivity in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and have been shown to improve symptoms of BED in adults. Notably, stimulants have not been examined as a treatment for LOC-E in youth. To explore this gap, we aim to measure change in LOC-E episodes and secondary outcomes in youth with comorbid ADHD and LOC-E who are being started on stimulants. Methods: We will collect prospective observational data on forty 8-to-13-year-old youth diagnosed with comorbid ADHD and LOC-E who are initiating a stimulant for ADHD. Prior to stimulant initiation, participants will complete baseline measures including LOC-E episode frequency in the last 3 months (primary outcome), and secondary outcomes including disordered eating cognitions, emotions and behaviors, ADHD symptom severity, parental LOC-E, impulsivity and reward sensitivity, anxiety/mood severity. Outcome measurements will be gathered again at 3-months after initiating the stimulant. Within-patient standardized effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals will be calculated from baseline to 3-month follow-up for all outcomes. Discussion: Many individuals with LOC-E or binge eating do not fully remit over the course of psychotherapy. Whereas psychotherapy may address psychological and sociocultural domains associated with LOC-E, some individuals with neurocognitive impairments (e.g., ADHD) and neurobiological deficits (e.g., low intrasynaptic dopamine or norepinephrine) may benefit from adjunctive treatment that targets those factors. This will be the first study to provide pilot data for future studies that could examine both the effect of stimulants on LOC-E in youth and underlying mechanisms. Trial registration: Pending

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“…This study also found that children with LOC-E are more likely to exhibit high impulsivity on a neurobehavioral task ( Go/No Go ) and parent-rated scale compared to healthy controls. Another study used a delay of gratification task (DoGT) in children with ADHD or LOC-E, comorbid diagnoses (ADHD and LOC-E), and healthy controls [ 10 ]. They found that children with ADHD and comorbid diagnoses had significantly higher risk of eating prematurely during the DoGT compared to children with only LOC-E or healthy controls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the children with comorbid diagnoses were most likely to worry about losing control over eating during the task. These findings suggest that a lack of behavioral inhibition (to food reward) in children with ADHD is a relevant factor in the drive to eat prematurely [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of stimulant medication on loss of control eating in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective, observational case series study protocol

et al. 2022

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Background Loss of control eating (LOC-E) in youth predicts the later development of full-syndrome binge-eating disorder (BED), and therefore, could be a relevant target for prevention treatments. To develop these treatments, it is important to understand the underlying disease processes and mechanisms. Based on the putative role of neurocognitive impairments in the pathogenesis of LOC-E, treatments that modulate these neurocognitive factors warrant further exploration. For instance, stimulants are an effective treatment for impulsivity in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and have been shown to improve symptoms of BED in adults. Notably, stimulants have not been examined as a treatment for LOC-E in youth. To explore this gap, we aim to measure change in LOC-E episodes and secondary outcomes in youth with comorbid ADHD and LOC-E who are being started on stimulants. Methods We will collect prospective observational data on forty 8-to-13-year-old youth diagnosed with comorbid ADHD and LOC-E who are initiating a stimulant for ADHD. Prior to stimulant initiation, participants will complete baseline measures including LOC-E episode frequency in the last 3 months (primary outcome), and secondary outcomes including disordered eating cognitions, emotions and behaviors, ADHD symptom severity, parental LOC-E, impulsivity and reward sensitivity, and anxiety/mood severity. Outcome measurements will be gathered again at 3-months after initiating the stimulant. Within-patient standardized effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals will be calculated from baseline to 3-month follow-up for all outcomes. Discussion Many individuals with LOC-E or binge eating do not fully remit over the course of psychotherapy. Whereas psychotherapy may address psychological and sociocultural domains associated with LOC-E, some individuals with neurocognitive impairments (e.g., ADHD) and neurobiological deficits (e.g., low intrasynaptic dopamine or norepinephrine) may benefit from adjunctive treatment that targets those factors. This will be the first study to provide pilot data for future studies that could examine both the effect of stimulants on LOC-E in youth and underlying mechanisms. Trial registration Trial registration number: NCT05592119

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To eat or not to eat: Reward delay impulsivity in children with loss of control eating, attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, a double diagnosis, and healthy children

Cited by 5 publications

References 57 publications

Loss of Control over Eating, Inhibitory Control, and Reward Sensitivity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Loss of Control over Eating, Inhibitory Control, and Reward Sensitivity in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Effect of stimulant medication on loss of control eating in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A prospective, observational case series study protocol

Effect of stimulant medication on loss of control eating in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective, observational case series study protocol

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