To betalains and back again: a tale of two pigments

Marais, David L. Des

doi:10.1111/nph.13556

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(32 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A mechanism underlying the mutually exclusive distribution of betalain and anthocyanin pigments has long fascinated evolutionary biologists (Brockington et al ., ; Des Marais, ). Our analyses now provide one possible explanation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxation of tyrosine pathway regulation underlies the evolution of betalain pigmentation in Caryophyllales

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Diverse natural products are synthesized in plants by specialized metabolic enzymes, which are often lineage-specific and derived from gene duplication followed by functional divergence. However, little is known about the contribution of primary metabolism to the evolution of specialized metabolic pathways. Betalain pigments, uniquely found in the plant order Caryophyllales, are synthesized from the aromatic amino acid l-tyrosine (Tyr) and replaced the otherwise ubiquitous phenylalanine-derived anthocyanins. This study combined biochemical, molecular and phylogenetic analyses, and uncovered coordinated evolution of Tyr and betalain biosynthetic pathways in Caryophyllales. We found that Beta vulgaris, which produces high concentrations of betalains, synthesizes Tyr via plastidic arogenate dehydrogenases (TyrA /ADH) encoded by two ADH genes (BvADHα and BvADHβ). Unlike BvADHβ and other plant ADHs that are strongly inhibited by Tyr, BvADHα exhibited relaxed sensitivity to Tyr. Also, Tyr-insensitive BvADHα orthologs arose during the evolution of betalain pigmentation in the core Caryophyllales and later experienced relaxed selection and gene loss in lineages that reverted from betalain to anthocyanin pigmentation, such as Caryophyllaceae. These results suggest that relaxation of Tyr pathway regulation increased Tyr production and contributed to the evolution of betalain pigmentation, highlighting the significance of upstream primary metabolic regulation for the diversification of specialized plant metabolism.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relaxation of tyrosine pathway regulation underlies the evolution of betalain pigmentation in Caryophyllales

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other researchers have also conducted comprehensive and objective reviews on the biosynthesis, source and application of betalain pigments, especially on betalain biosynthesis [3,4,6,87,88], but excepting the aspect of assisting plant response to stresses and evolutionary relationship between betalains and anthocyanins, which provide a broad perspective on the currently used and potential new sources for betalains, including the use of natural resources or metabolic engineering and summing up the potential applications of betalains in research and business applications [4,23,62,89].…”

Section: Comparison Of the Biosynthesis Pathways Of Betalains And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress of Betalain in Response to Adverse Stresses and Evolutionary Relationship Compared with Anthocyanin

Meng

Zhu

et al. 2019

Molecules

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Betalains are applicable to many aspects of life, and their properties, characteristics, extraction and biosynthesis process have been thoroughly studied. Although betalains are functionally similar to anthocyanins and can substitute for them to provide pigments for plant color, it is rare to study the roles of betalains in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. Owing to their antioxidant capability to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and humans, betalains have attracted much attention due to their bioactivity. In addition, betalains can also act as osmotic substances to regulate osmotic pressure in plants and play important roles in plant responses to adverse environmental conditions. The study of the physiological evolution of betalains is almost complete but remains complicated because the evolutionary relationship between betalains and anthocyanins is still uncertain. In this review, to provide a reference for the in-depth study of betalains compared with anthocyanins, the biochemical properties, biosynthesis process and roles of betalains in response to environmental stress are reviewed, and the relationship between betalains and anthocyanins is discussed.

show abstract

“…GT sequences have been obtained from B. vulgaris [51], O. ficus-indica [44], P. americana [52] and A. hypochondriacus [38], and there have been no further major advances in GTs since they were identified as B5GT (betanidin-5-O-GT occurred on betanidin 5-O location), B6GT (betanidin-6-O-GT occurred on betanidin 6-O location) and CDOPA5GT (cyclo-DOPA 5-O-GT occurred on cyclo-DOPA) [53,54,55]. Recently, the first regulatory gene (a R2R3 MYB ) associated with regulation of the betalain biosynthetic pathway was identified in this step [56,57]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic Analysis of Hylocereus polyrhizus Reveals Metabolic Pathway Changes

Hua

Zhou²,

Gan

et al. 2016

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Red dragon fruit or red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is the only edible fruit that contains betalains. The color of betalains ranges from red and violet to yellow in plants. Betalains may also serve as an important component of health-promoting and disease-preventing functional food. Currently, the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways for betalain production remain to be fully deciphered. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analyses were used to reveal the molecular mechanism of betalain biosynthesis in H. polyrhizus fruits at white and red pulp stages, respectively. A total of 1946 proteins were identified as the differentially expressed between the two samples, and 936 of them were significantly highly expressed at the red pulp stage of H. polyrhizus. RNA-seq and iTRAQ analyses showed that some transcripts and proteins were positively correlated; they belonged to “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “tyrosine metabolism”, “flavonoid biosynthesis”, “ascorbate and aldarate metabolism”, “betalains biosynthesis” and “anthocyanin biosynthesis”. In betalains biosynthesis pathway, several proteins/enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase, CYP76AD3 and 4,5-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) dioxygenase extradiol-like protein were identified. The present study provides a new insight into the molecular mechanism of the betalain biosynthesis at the posttranscriptional level.

show abstract

To betalains and back again: a tale of two pigments

Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Relaxation of tyrosine pathway regulation underlies the evolution of betalain pigmentation in Caryophyllales

Relaxation of tyrosine pathway regulation underlies the evolution of betalain pigmentation in Caryophyllales

Research Progress of Betalain in Response to Adverse Stresses and Evolutionary Relationship Compared with Anthocyanin

Proteomic Analysis of Hylocereus polyrhizus Reveals Metabolic Pathway Changes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About