To be or not to be: The Hidden Side of<i>Cargninia Enigmatica</i>and Other Puzzling Remains of Lepidosauromorpha from the Upper Triassic of Brazil

Vivar, Paulo R. Romo de; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Fonseca, Pedro Henrique M.; Soares, Marina Bento

doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1828438

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Located in the municipality of Faxinal do Soturno, State of Rio Grande do Sul, this site has revealed an astonishing quantity and diversity of Norian vertebrates (Bonaparte, Schultz, & Martinelli, 2010; Schultz et al, 2020). After its discovery at the end of the 1990s, this site yielded hundreds of tetrapod remains that stand out for their exceptional preservation, including several cranial and postcranial materials of non‐mammaliaform cynodonts (Bonaparte et al, 2001, 2003, 2005; Bonaparte, Schultz, & Martinelli, 2010; Guignard et al, 2019a, 2019b; Martinelli et al, 2005; Martinelli & Soares, 2016; Oliveira et al, 2011; Soares et al, 2011), one partial skeleton of the saurischian dinosaur Guaibasaurus candelariensis (Agnolín & Martinelli, 2012; Bonaparte et al, 2007), remains of a putative pterosaur (Bonaparte, Schultz, & Soares, 2010; but see Soares et al, 2013; Dalla Vecchia, 2014), skulls and postcranial elements of procolophonoids (Cisneros & Schultz, 2003), sphenodontians (Arantes et al, 2009; Bonaparte & Sues, 2006; Ferigolo, 2000; Hsiou et al, 2015; Romo de Vivar, Martinelli, Hsiou, & Soares, 2020; Romo de Vivar & Soares, 2015), and skull remains of non‐rhynchocephalian lepidosauromorphs (Bonaparte, Schultz, & Martinelli, 2010; Romo de Vivar, Martinelli, Fonseca, & Soares, 2020). In addition, fish remains, insects, conchostracans, invertebrate ichnofossils, dinosaur footprints, and gymnosperms have been recovered at the site (Barboni & Dutra, 2013; Rohn et al, 2014; Silva et al, 2012), although from overlaying levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new specimen provides insights into the anatomy of Irajatherium hernandezi, a poorly known probainognathian cynodont from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil

Kerber

Martinelli

Müller

et al. 2021

The Anatomical Record

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Irajatherium hernandezi is a poorly known non‐mammaliaform cynodont from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. A new specimen of this cynodont was found in recent fieldwork to the type‐locality, Sesmaria do Pinhal (Candelária), providing new insights into the anatomy of this mammalian forerunner. This specimen comprises a partial skull preserving the left canine, two left and three right postcanines, and an isolated exoccipital; the left dentary with the canine and postcanines; a fragment of the right dentary; the proximal portion of the left partial humerus; the right scapula; and indeterminate fragments. Based on new material, it is here suggested that I. hernandezi presents: a rostrum broad and short, possibly long as the temporal region; three foramina on the lateral surface of the maxilla, that could correspond to the external openings of the rostral alveolar, infraorbital, and zygomaticofacial canals; a slender zygomatic arch and an absent postorbital bar; a posteriorly wide temporal fossa; a long secondary palate, slightly surpassing the level of the last postcanine tooth; the cerebral hemispheres of the cranial endocast divided by a median sulcus; the scapular blade long and straight, and the postscapular fossa absent in lateral aspect. Finally, I. hernandezi and other tritheledontids were included in a phylogenetic analysis of Eucynodontia. The analysis recovered unresolved relationships for ictidosaurs/tritheledontids, nested within a polytomy with Tritylodontidae and a clade composed by Pseudotherium argentinus, Botucaraitherium belarminoi, Brasilodon quadrangularis, and Mammaliaformes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new specimen provides insights into the anatomy of Irajatherium hernandezi, a poorly known probainognathian cynodont from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil

Kerber

Martinelli

Müller

et al. 2021

The Anatomical Record

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“…Known from an isolated but largely complete lower jaw, it appears to suffice for setting up a minimum age for Iguania at the Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary (72.1 ± 0.2 Ma: ICS), which I round to 72 Ma. I should mention, however, that a reviewer doubts the phylogenetic position of Gueragama for unstated reasons, and that Romo de Vivar et al (2020) found that most or all of the similarities between Gueragama and Acrodonta are shared with the Triassic pan-lepidosaur Cargninia , likely indicating that these features are evolutionarily correlated with each other and prone to convergence. Meanwhile, Alifanov (2020) called Gueragama an isodontosaurid (see above) without stating a reason.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The making of calibration sausage exemplified by recalibrating the transcriptomic timetree of jawed vertebrates

Marjanović

2019

Preprint

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9Molecular divergence dating has the potential to overcome the incompleteness of the fossil record in 10 inferring when cladogenetic events (splits, divergences) happened, but needs to be calibrated by the 11 fossil record. Ideally but unrealistically, this would require practitioners to be specialists in molecular 12 evolution, in the phylogeny and the fossil record of all sampled taxa, and in the chronostratigraphy of 13 the sites the fossils were found in. Paleontologists have therefore tried to help by publishing 14 compendia of recommended calibrations, and molecular biologists unfamiliar with the fossil record 15have made heavy use of such works. Using a recent example of a large timetree inferred from 16 molecular data, I demonstrate that calibration dates cannot be taken from published compendia 17 without risking strong distortions to the results, because compendia become outdated faster than they 18 are published. The present work cannot serve as such a compendium either; in the slightly longer 19 term, it can only highlight known and overlooked problems. Future authors will need to solve each of 20 these problems anew through a thorough search of the primary paleobiological and 21 chronostratigraphic literature on each calibration date every time they infer a new timetree; over 40% 22 of the sources I cite were published after mid-2016. 23 Treating all calibrations as soft bounds results in younger nodes than treating all calibrations as hard 24bounds. The unexpected exception are nodes calibrated with both minimum and maximum ages, 25 further demonstrating the widely underestimated importance of maximum ages in divergence dating. 26

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“…As indicated by previous authors (e.g., Evans, 2003;Benson et al, 2013;Cleary et al, 2018), the main obstacle for understanding the early evolution and origins of different squamate lizard clades is probably the poorly documented fossil record in the Southern Hemisphere. Despite the paucity of this record, the growing fossil record of lepidosaurian taxa highlights a hidden history of the group in Gondwana (e.g., Bonaparte et al, 2010;Simões et al, 2015a, b;Bittencourt et al, 2020;Romo de Vivar et al, 2020).…”

Section: Paleochelco Occultato and Its Implications On The Fossil Record Of Lizardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected new lizard from the Late Cretaceous of southern South America sheds light on Gondwanan squamate diversity

Martinelli

Agnolín

Ezcurra

2021

MACN

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Living lizards includes ~7000 species distributed in all continents, except Antarctica (Uetz et al., 2020). The term lizard refers to a paraphyletic assemblage of mostly terrestrial limbed squa-mates (e.g., iguanians, lacertoids, gekkotans), thus excluding snakes and amphisbaenians. All these extant limbed and limbless taxa plus some completely extinct lineages (e.g., mosasaurs) constitute the clade Squamata (e.g., Gauthier & de

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To be or not to be: The Hidden Side ofCargninia Enigmaticaand Other Puzzling Remains of Lepidosauromorpha from the Upper Triassic of Brazil

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

A new specimen provides insights into the anatomy of Irajatherium hernandezi, a poorly known probainognathian cynodont from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil

A new specimen provides insights into the anatomy of Irajatherium hernandezi, a poorly known probainognathian cynodont from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil

The making of calibration sausage exemplified by recalibrating the transcriptomic timetree of jawed vertebrates

Unexpected new lizard from the Late Cretaceous of southern South America sheds light on Gondwanan squamate diversity

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