To Be Looked at as Though Air

Wesselmann, Eric D.; Cardoso, Florencia D.; Slater, Samantha; Williams, Kipling D.

doi:10.1177/0956797611427921

Cited by 122 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This is consistent with previous research indicating that victims of bullying have difficulties with social interactions and social problem-solving (Champion, Vernberg, & Shipman, 2003;Cook et al, 2010). In fact, observers of ostracism (i.e., being ignored and excluded) recognize an ostracized individual's distress and also feel ostracized themselves (Over & Carpenter, 2009;Wesselmann, Cardoso, Slater, & Williams, 2012), which may explain why victimized bystanders' social maladjustment manifests as difficulty making friends, problems with family members, and not coming to school. Although emotional maladjustment did not differ between groups (of victims and nonvictims), the mean responses of emotional maladjustment were higher ("never a problem" to "rarely a problem") than social maladjustment ("rarely a problem" to "sometimes a problem") after witnessing bullying.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Bullying victimization and the social and emotional maladjustment of bystanders: A propensity score analysis

Werth

Nickerson

Aloe

et al. 2015

Journal of School Psychology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Bullying victimization and the social and emotional maladjustment of bystanders: A propensity score analysis

Werth

Nickerson

Aloe

et al. 2015

Journal of School Psychology

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“…Our tendency to overdetect social rejection, perceiving social cues as self-relevant when the causes are ambiguous (Wesselmann et al, 2012), must be buffered by some of the alternative attributional frameworks we gain as we become more familiar with others. For example, as we observe that our friend consistently fails to respond to text messages, regardless of the sender, we are less likely to interpret these behaviors as self-relevant or caused by our own social failures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals feel rejected when excluded from an impromptu game of ball toss in a laboratory waiting room (Williams & Sommer, 1997), when a fellow research participant fails to respond to a text message (A. Smith & Williams, 2004), when a stranger on the street avoids eye contact (Wesselmann, Cardoso, Slater, & Williams, 2012), and when conversational pauses last longer than expected (Pearson et al, 2008). An event contingent daily diary study found that “healthy” participants reported experiencing social exclusion approximately twice a day (Nezlek, Wesselmann, Wheeler, & Williams, 2012).…”

Section: Social Rejectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A social-attributional analysis of alcohol response.

Fairbairn

Sayette

2014

Psychological Bulletin

119

205

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Conventional wisdom and survey data indicate that alcohol is a social lubricant and is consumed for its social effects. In contrast, the experimental literature examining alcohol’s effects within a social context reveals that alcohol does not consistently enhance social-emotional experience. We identify a methodological factor that might explain inconsistent alcohol-administration findings, distinguishing between studies featuring unscripted interactions among naïve participants (k = 18) and those featuring scripted social interactions with individuals identified as study confederates (k = 18). While 89% of naïve-participant studies find positive effects of alcohol on mood (d = 0.5), only 11% of confederate studies find evidence of significant alcohol-related mood enhancement (d = −0.01). The naïve-participant versus confederate distinction remains robust after controlling for various moderators including stress manipulations, gender, group size, anxiety outcome measure, and within-group consistency of beverage assignment. Based on the findings of our review, we propose a multidimensional, social-attributional framework for understanding alcohol-related reward. Borrowing organizing principles from attribution theory, the social-attributional approach predicts that alcohol will enhance mood when negative outcomes are perceived to be unstable and/or self-relevant. Our framework proposes that alcohol’s effects within a social context are largely explained by its tendency to free individuals from preoccupation with social rejection, allowing them to access social rewards. The social-attributional approach represents a novel framework for integrating distinct, well-validated concepts derived from several theories of alcohol’s effects. It further presents promising lines of inquiry for future research examining the role of social factors in alcohol reward and addiction susceptibility.

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“…Theorists suggest that this need is universal and innate given that strong social ties were critical to the success of our species and we therefore evolved psychological mechanisms that lead us to seek out and maintain close personal relationships with others [11]. Because this need is so ingrained, we constantly monitor our belonging status and can detect even very subtle indications (e.g., lack of eye contact [15]) that our belonging is threatened [16]. When people perceive threats to their belonging (e.g., when they feel excluded or rejected), they show strong adverse reactions and their functioning can be negatively affected in multiple ways.…”

Section: Sense Of Belonging In Academic Domainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fitting in or opting out: A review of key social-psychological factors influencing a sense of belonging for women in physics

Lewis

Stout

Pollock

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res.

155

131

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[This paper is part of the Focused Collection on Gender in Physics.] A number of cultural, social, environmental, and biological factors have been suggested to explain women's relatively lower representation in physics and other science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. Given its persistence, the causes of gender disparities are likely to be complex and multiply determined. In this review paper, we discuss how a sense of belonging relates to women's interest, persistence, and achievement in physics. We explore what it means to "fit in" and belong in academic contexts, the situational and interpersonal antecedents to belonging, and the consequences of a lack of belonging. We review the empirical evidence for the efficacy of interventions designed to bolster a sense of belonging. Based on these interventions we conclude the paper with a number of practical recommendations to affirm women's sense of belonging and create more welcoming and inclusive physics environments for all students.

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To Be Looked at as Though Air

Cited by 122 publications

References 14 publications

Bullying victimization and the social and emotional maladjustment of bystanders: A propensity score analysis

Bullying victimization and the social and emotional maladjustment of bystanders: A propensity score analysis

A social-attributional analysis of alcohol response.

Fitting in or opting out: A review of key social-psychological factors influencing a sense of belonging for women in physics

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