To be DR8 or not to be DQ8, that is the question

Rudert, William A.; Trucco, Massimo

doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2006.00219.x

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 16 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…DC are extremely powerful APC that collect foreign or ‘ignored’ (i.e., not previously exposed to the immune system) material, to present it as ‘new’ antigens to T cells through their HLA molecule. These T cells interact with the new antigens more strongly than with self‐peptides, which enabled their positive selection and consequently the establishment of a T‐cell‐based protective immune response (5–7). The epitope spreading phenomenon (i.e., the expansion of newly recognized antigens) (8) observed in the islet inflammation is due to both islet‐reactive T cells that were generated in the thymus early in ontogeny along with the generation and survival of T cells activated in the periphery by these new antigens.…”

Section: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Nature Of the Autoimmunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a cure for type 1 diabetes mellitus: diabetes-suppressive dendritic cells and beyond

2008

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Insulin has been the gold standard therapy for diabetes since its discovery and commercial availability. It remains the only pharmacologic therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease in which autoreactive T cells specifically kill the insulin‐producing beta cells. Nevertheless, not even molecularly produced insulin administered four or five times per day can provide a physiologic regulation able to prevent the complications that account for the morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Also, insulin does not eliminate the T1D hallmark: beta‐cell‐specific autoimmunity. In other words, insulin is not a ‘cure’. A successful cure must meet the following criteria: (i) it must either replace or maintain the functional integrity of the natural, insulin‐producing tissue, the endocrine islets of Langerhans’ and, more specifically, the insulin‐producing beta cells; (ii) it must, at least, control the autoimmunity or eliminate it altogether; and (iii) it must be easy to apply to a large number of patients. Criterion 1 has been partially realized by allogeneic islet transplantation. Criterion 2 has been partially realized using monoclonal antibodies specific for T‐cell surface proteins. Criterion 3 has yet to be realized, given that most of the novel therapies are currently quasi‐patient‐specific. Herein, we outline the current status of non‐insulin‐based therapies for T1D, with a focus on cell‐based immunomodulation which we propose can achieve all three criteria illustrated above.

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Section: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Nature Of the Autoimmunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a cure for type 1 diabetes mellitus: diabetes-suppressive dendritic cells and beyond

2008

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Association of alleles at polymorphic sites in the osteopontin encoding gene in young type 1 diabetic patients

Marciano

d’Annunzio

Minuto

et al. 2009

Clinical Immunology

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FreeStyle Navigator Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Use in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Using Glargine-Based Multiple Daily Dose Regimens

Weinzimer

Xing²,

Tansey³

et al. 2008

Diabetes Care

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THE DIABETES RESEARCH IN CHILDREN NETWORK (DIRECNET) STUDY GROUP* I n a previous pilot study of the FreeStyle Navigator Continuous Glucose Monitoring System, hereafter referred to as "Navigator," in 30 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes using insulin pumps, we found that Navigator use averaged Ͼ130 h per week over 13 weeks and mean A1C level dropped from 7.1 Ϯ 0.6 to 6.8 Ϯ 0.7% (P ϭ 0.02) (1). The current study evaluated whether the Navigator was similarly tolerated over 13 weeks in 27 children aged 4-17 years with type 1 diabetes using glargine-based, multiple daily injection(MDI) insulin regimens. Subjects averaged Ͼ100 h/week of Navigator use. Mean A1C level fell from 7.9 Ϯ 1.0% at baseline to 7.3 Ϯ 0.9% at 13 weeks (P ϭ 0.004). High satisfaction with the Navigator was reported on the Continuous Glucose Monitor Satisfaction Scale. These encouraging pilot study results support the inclusion of MDI users in longer-term randomized clinical trials of continuous glucose monitors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Institutional review boards at each of the Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) centers approved the study protocol and consent/ assent forms. Research methods were virtually identical to those employed in our previous Navigator (Abbott Diabetes Care; Alameda, CA) study (1) except that all subjects were treated with glarginebased MDI treatment. Other eligibility requirements were as follows: subjects must 1) be aged 3-17 years, 2) have type 1 diabetes for a duration Ն1 year, 3) have access to a home computer equipped with E-mail, and 4) have a parent/older subject who comprehended English. Subjects were excluded for asthma, cystic fibrosis, psychiatric disorder, and use of glucocorticoids. Subjects were selected for participation from the existing patient population at each center. There was a 1-week run-in period during which Navigator use was blinded

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To be DR8 or not to be DQ8, that is the question

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Toward a cure for type 1 diabetes mellitus: diabetes-suppressive dendritic cells and beyond

Toward a cure for type 1 diabetes mellitus: diabetes-suppressive dendritic cells and beyond

Association of alleles at polymorphic sites in the osteopontin encoding gene in young type 1 diabetic patients

FreeStyle Navigator Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Use in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Using Glargine-Based Multiple Daily Dose Regimens

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