TNT Equivalency for Overpressure and Impulse for Detonations of Spherical Charges of High Explosives

Shin, Jinwon; Whittaker, Andrew S.; Cormie, David

doi:10.1260/2041-4196.6.3.567

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…From the authors’ past experience, the chosen meshes were fine enough for the blast predictions. Shin et al (2015b) recommended to use 3-mm cell from distances of 3 m and beyond. In order to further check the results, a calculation with cell sizes of 1.25 mm and 10 mm for the first and second phases, respectively, was performed.…”

Section: Tnt Simulation Results Convergence and Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical investigation of explosive bare charge equivalent weight

Grisaro

Edri

2017

International Journal of Protective Structures

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Peak overpressure and impulse are the most important parameters in the explosive performance estimation. Available models commonly consider trinitrotoluene explosive as the standard charge. In this article, the trinitrotoluene equivalency factor is studied through verified one-dimensional numerical simulations. The equivalency factors for impulse and overpressure are different and found to be constant with the scaled distance (3-40 m/kg 1/3), which means that a unique value for the equivalency factor is suitable for the equivalency factor calculation for each distance. Comparison of the equivalency factor with available models shows that it strongly depends on the internal energy ratio of the explosive in interest, relative to trinitrotoluene, and a new formula for equivalency factor for overpressure is proposed. A verified simulation method is presented in which the explosive is modeled with an equivalent "air bubble" with the same internal energy and ideal gas equation of state. A new approach using the energy flux density calculation is presented to calculate the equivalency factor for impulse and overpressure from a single gauge measurement of overpressure-time history, at a specific distance.

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Section: Tnt Simulation Results Convergence and Verificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerical simulations are another technique to calculate blast performance (e.g. Izadifard and Foroutan, 2010; Jha and Kiran Kumar, 2014; Shin et al, 2015b). To carry these calculations, the explosive and the air should be modeled in a Eulerian mesh.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical investigation of explosive bare charge equivalent weight

Grisaro

Edri

2017

International Journal of Protective Structures

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“…ConWep is a conventional weapons effects calculation tool in Abaqus. This peak reflected overpressure can also be achieved from other M-R combinations, such as 45 kg luggage at 3.8 m, 200 kg car at 6.2 m or 2000 kg van at 13.5 m. All M-R combinations above have the same scaled distance Z = 5 m 3 √ 100 kg = 1.07 m/kg 1/3 , which is more than the minimum scaled distance 0.4 m/kg 1/3 required to avoid close-range detonations [38,39].…”

Section: Threat Assessment and Blast Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Materials 2020, 13, 2121 5 of 22 M-R combinations above have the same scaled distance 𝑍 = = 1.07 m/kg / , which is more than the minimum scaled distance 0.4 m/kg / required to avoid close-range detonations [38,39]. The gates, G2.5, G5, G7.5, and G10, are assessed against 4 levels of blast pressures, 1.65 MPa, 3.3 MPa, 4.95 MPa and the maximum 6.6 MPa, achieved from 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg of TNT at R = 5 m, respectively.…”

Section: Threat Assessment and Blast Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Blast Resistance of Large Steel Gates—Numerical Study

Al-Rifaie

Sumelka

2020

Materials

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Blast resistant gates/doors are essential for sensitive infrastructure, such as embassies, ministries, or parliaments. Lightweight gates equipped with ‘energy absorbing systems’ have better operational performance than the traditional costly and bulky design. Graded auxetic structures have not yet been used as potential passive damping systems in the supporting frame of blast resistant gates. Consequently, this study tries to test if a uniaxial graded auxetic damper (UGAD) proposed by the authors in a recent article, namely the development of a new shock absorbing UGAD, could maintain a 3000 mm × 4500 mm steel gate operable after high blast peak reflected overpressure of 6.6 MPa, from 100 kg TNT at 5 m stand-off distance. The blast-induced response of the gate was assessed, with and without the proposed UGAD, using Abaqus/Explicit solver. Results showed that the attachment of the proposed UGAD to the gate led to a dramatic decrease in permanent deformations (a critical factor for gate operability after a blast event). Hence, a lighter, more economical gate (with 50% reduction in mass) was required to satisfy the operability condition. In addition, 49% of peak reaction forces were diminished, that have a direct impact on the supporting frame. Moreover, the results revealed that, in the numerical model, 56% of the achieved plastic dissipation energy was from the UGADs, and 44% from the gate. The outcomes of this research may have a positive impact on other sectors beyond academia, such as industry, economy, and public safety.

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“…Figure2. Compiled blast parameters from Pentolite explosive trials with varying mass as a function of scaled distance, which has been scaled to a 1 kg equivalent TNT hemispherical charge using a shape scaling factor of 1.8, and a TNTe = 1.2(Shin et al (2015)), comparing to KB predictions: (a) Peak overpressure, (b) Scaled peak specific impulse, (c) Scaled arrival time, (d) Scaled positive phase duration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Far-field positive phase blast parameter characterisation of RDX and PETN based explosives

Farrimond

Woolford

Tyas

et al. 2023

International Journal of Protective Structures

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A significant amount of scientific effort has been dedicated to measuring and understanding the effects of explosions, leading to the development of semi-empirical methods for rapid prediction of blast load parameters. The most well-known of these, termed the Kingery and Bulmash method, makes use of polylogarithmic curves derived from a compilation of medium to large scale experimental tests performed over many decades. However, there is still no general consensus on the accuracy and validity of this approach, despite some researchers reporting consistently high levels of agreement. Further, it is still not known whether blast loading can be considered deterministic, or whether it is intrinsically variable, the extent of this variability, and the range and scales over which these variations are observed. This article critically reviews historic and contemporary blast experiments, including newly generated arena tests with RDX and PETN-based explosives, with a view to demonstrating the accuracy with which blast load parameters can be predicted using semi-empirical approaches.

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TNT Equivalency for Overpressure and Impulse for Detonations of Spherical Charges of High Explosives

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

Numerical investigation of explosive bare charge equivalent weight

Numerical investigation of explosive bare charge equivalent weight

Improving the Blast Resistance of Large Steel Gates—Numerical Study

Far-field positive phase blast parameter characterisation of RDX and PETN based explosives

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