TNT and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene influence on germination and early seedling development of tall fescue

Peterson, Megan; Horst, Garald L.; Shea, Patrick J.; Comfort, Steve D.; Peterson, Robert K. D.

doi:10.1016/0269-7491(96)00016-4

Cited by 62 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These results comport with recent studies that have shown that compared with cyclic nitramines, nitroaromatic EMs are more toxic to terrestrial plants in natural soils (Rocheleau et al, 2005(Rocheleau et al, , 2006Robidoux et al, 2003;Simini et al, 1995;Leggett, 1983, 1986;Peterson et al, 1996;Gong et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Toxicities of TNT and RDX to Terrestrial Plants in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics

Simini¹,

Checkai²,

Phillips³

et al. 2013

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)XX-07-2013 REPORT TYPE AUTHOR(S)Simini, Michael; Checkai, Ronald T.; Kuperman, Roman G.; Phillips, Carlton T.; Kolakowski, Jan E.; and Kurnas, Carl W. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Director, ECBC, ATTN: RDCB-DRT-E, APG, MD 21010-5424 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER ECBC-TR-1091 SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program 4800 Mark Center Drive, Suite 17D08, Alexandria, VA 22350-3605 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SERDP SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACT-LIMIT 200 WORDSThis study was designed to produce scientifically defensible benchmark data for the development of ecological-based soil screening levels for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) for terrestrial plants. The physical and chemical properties of different soils may alter the bioavailability and toxicity of TNT and RDX to plant species. We investigated individual ecotoxicities of TNT and RDX to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Japanese millet (J. millet; Echinochloa crus-galli L. [Beauv.]), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in five natural soils that varied in pH, organic matter, and clay contents. On the basis of EC 50 values (the TNT or RDX concentrations that produce 50% reductions in selected measurement endpoints) and 95% confidence intervals for shoot fresh and dry masses (SDM), TNT weathered-and-aged (W-A) in soils significantly reduced (p < 0.05) growth of alfalfa, J. millet, and perennial ryegrass. RDX W-A in soil was moderately inhibitory to growth of J. millet and perennial ryegrass in all five soils but did not affect growth of alfalfa. No statistically significant correlations between TNT toxicity and these soil properties were identified; however, statistically significant (p < 0.05) inverse relationships were identified between the RDX EC 50 values for perennial ryegrass SDM and soil clay content and pH.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Toxicities of TNT and RDX to Terrestrial Plants in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics

Simini¹,

Checkai²,

Phillips³

et al. 2013

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“…Smooth bromegrass was employed because it is a dominant plant growing in TNT‐contaminated soil at the former Nebraska Ordnance Plant near Mead, Nebraska, USA. Previous studies had shown that germination and early seedling growth of smooth bromegrass could occur on agar plates containing TNT at 30 mg/L [5,27]. In this paper we demonstrate the capability of smooth bromegrass to transform TNT into ADNTs through identification of TNT metabolites and mass balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Fate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in axenic sand culture systems containing smooth bromegrass

Sun

Horst

Drijber

et al. 2000

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Plants have the potential to metabolize the munition 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in contaminated soils, sediments, and natural waters. However, microbial interference must be eliminated to demonstrate an intrinsic capacity for the metabolism of TNT by plants. An axenic sand culture system for smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) was established to investigate the influence of TNT on smooth bromegrass growth and metabolism. Shoot length growth was inhibited by 40% after 14 d of exposure to TNT at 36 mg/L in the sand solution, whereas photosynthetic and respiration rates were similar to controls. Addition of [ 14 C]-labeled TNT to the system resulted in the roots containing 21.3% and the shoots containing 3.8% of the radioactivity. The [ 14 C]TNT in media that contained plants was reduced about 50% compared to media without plants. Trace amounts (0.03%) of the initial [ 14 C]TNT was converted to 14 CO 2 during a 5-d incubation period. The TNT and its metabolites were observed in root and shoot extracts by radiochromatographic analysis. The major TNT metabolites identified were 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene. Previous exposure of the plants to TNT did not increase TNT metabolism or prevent reduction of shoot length growth. From these results we concluded that smooth bromegrass is capable of taking up and metabolizing TNT.

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“…Limited research was conducted to determine the phytotoxicity of TNT to plants (Palazzo & Leggett, 1986;Gong et al, 1999). However, some recent studies have focused on the use of tall fescue (Peterson et al, 1996), parrot feather (Medina et al, 1997), poplar trees (Thompson et al, 1998), yellow nutsedge, corn, lettuce, tomato, and parrot feather (Larson et al, 1999) for the phytoremediation of TNT-contaminated soils and water.…”

Section: Tntmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Use of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for the Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants in Soil

Chekol

Vough

2001

Remediation Journal

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This article presents the results of a study that was conducted to determine the effectiveness of using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to enhance the phytoremediation of three different types of chemical contaminants. The chemicals studied were trinitrotoluene (TNT), the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene, and the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) Aroclor 1248. Experiments were conducted using soils that contained high and low organic matter content. The results indicated that recoveries of pyrene and TNT from soil were highly dependent on the soil organic matter content, while the recovery of PCB was not. Significantly low levels of pyrene and TNT were recovered from all treatments in the soil with 6.3 percent organic matter content compared to recovery levels found in soil with 2.6 percent organic matter. The presence of alfalfa plants had a significant effect on the transformation of TNT and PCB in the low organic matter content soil only and had no effect on the fate of pyrene. In the low organic matter soil, only 15 percent and 17 percent of the initial TNT and PCB levels, respectively, were transformed in the unplanted control soils compared to 66 percent and 77 percent in the alfalfa planted pots. In both soil types, pyrene dissipation could not be attributed to the presence of alfalfa plants. Overall, it was concluded that under high soil organic matter conditions, adsorption and covalent binding to the soil organic matter appeared to be the dominant force of pyrene and TNT removal. The effectiveness of using alfalfa to enhance PCB and TNT transformations was more significant in the lower organic matter soil; thus phytoremediation had a greater effect in soils with lower organic matter content. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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TNT and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene influence on germination and early seedling development of tall fescue

Cited by 62 publications

References 14 publications

Toxicities of TNT and RDX to Terrestrial Plants in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics

Toxicities of TNT and RDX to Terrestrial Plants in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics

Fate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene in axenic sand culture systems containing smooth bromegrass

A Study of the Use of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for the Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants in Soil

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