“…Inflammatory models of neurodegeneration propose that systemic inflammation is negatively associated with cognition via increases in neuro-inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines -including Tumor Necrosis Factor(TNF)α, Interleukin(IL)-1β, and IL-6 -secreted by microglia in the brain likely establish and maintain neuro-inflammation (Glass, Saijo, Winner, Marchetto, & Gage, 2010), which can leads to neuronal apoptosis over the long-term (McCoy & Tansey, 2008;Simi, Tsakiri, Wang, & Rothwell, 2007), and inhibits neurogenesis in adults (Ekdahl, Claasen, Bonde, Kokaia, & Lindvall, 2003). Systemic inflammation in the periphery is tied to neuro-inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders (Perry, 2004), as well as in aging populations more generally (Perry, 2010).…”