TLR2 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells promotes late control of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> infection

Reba, Scott M.; Q, Li; Onwuzulike, Sophia; Nagy, Nancy; Parker, Kay E.; Umphred-Wilson, Katharine; Shukla, Supriya; Harding, Clifford V.; Boom, WH

doi:10.1101/2021.05.19.444905

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is therefore necessary to consider the role of TLRs in MPXV which are both intracellular/ extracellular transmembrane proteins. There are ten known TLR types in humans, but specifically six may be more relevant to immune cell recognition of OPXV infection, like TLR2/3/4/5/6/7, which act as cell membrane and vesicular sensors during viral and/or bacterial infections [118][119][120][121]. Below is an example of the TLR perspective in OPXVs (see Figure 3).…”

Section: Opxv and Mpxv 21st Century Immunological Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Brown,

Fricke,

Imarogbe

et al. 2023

Explor Immunol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, in 2022, whilst severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains evolved, monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections became more evident. MPXV is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXVs), vaccinia virus (VACV), and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being a causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. This review aims to present facts about MPXV-specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. MPXV was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards the eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to the propagation of MPXV causing monkeypox (mpox) disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular-initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Antiviral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and mpox disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorized treatment exists for mpox disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of mpox resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHVs), including Varicella zoster virus (VZV).

show abstract

Section: Opxv and Mpxv 21st Century Immunological Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Brown,

Fricke,

Imarogbe

et al. 2023

Explor Immunol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is therefore necessary to consider the role of TLRs in MPXV which are both intracellular/extracellular transmembrane proteins. There are ten known TLR types in humans, but specifically five may be more relevant to immune cell recognition of OPXV infection, like TLR2/3/4/5/7, which act as cell membrane and vesicular sensors during viral and/or bacterial infections [118][119][120][121]. Below is an example of the TLR perspective in OPXVs (see Figure 3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Brown,

Imarogbe,

Fricke

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since 2019, notable global viral outbreaks have occurred necessitating further research and healthcare system investigations. Following the COVID—19 pandemic, an unexpected duality has occurred of SARS–CoV–2 and monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections. Monkeypox virus is of the Orthopoxviridae genus, belonging to the family Poxviridae. Zoonotic transmission (animal to human transmission) may occur. The Orthopoxviridae genus includes other Orthopoxviruses (OPXV) present in animal host reservoirs that include cowpox viruses (CPXV), vaccinia virus (VACV) and variola virus (VARV), with the latter being causal agent of smallpox and excessive mortality. The aim in this review is to present facts about MPXV specific pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immunology alongside historical perspectives. Monkeypox virus was rarely reported outside Africa before April 2000. Early research since 1796 contributed towards eradication of VARV leading to immunisation strategies. The World Health Organisation (WHO) announcement that VARV had been eradicated was confirmed in 1980. On the 23rd of July 2022, the WHO announced MPXV as a health emergency. Therefore, concern due to propagation of MPXV causing MPOX disease requires clarity. Infected hosts display symptoms like extensive cellular initiated rashes and lesions. Infection with MPXV makes it difficult to differentiate from other diseases or skin conditions. Anti–viral therapeutic drugs were typically prescribed for smallpox and MPOX disease; however, the molecular and immunological mechanisms with cellular changes remain of interest. Furthermore, no official authorised treatment exists for MPOX disease. Some humans across the globe may be considered at risk. Historically, presenting symptoms of MPOX resemble other viral diseases. Symptoms include rashes or lesions like Streptococcus, but also human herpes viruses (HHV) including Varicella zoster (VZV).

show abstract

Commensal bacteria weaken the intestinal barrier by suppressing epithelial neuropilin-1 and Hedgehog signaling

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The gut microbiota influences intestinal barrier integrity through mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Here we show that the commensal microbiota weakens the intestinal barrier by suppressing epithelial neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Microbial colonization of germ-free mice dampens signaling of the intestinal Hh pathway through epithelial Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, resulting in decreased epithelial NRP1 protein levels. Following activation via TLR2/TLR6, epithelial NRP1, a positive-feedback regulator of Hh signaling, is lysosomally degraded. Conversely, elevated epithelial NRP1 levels in germ-free mice are associated with a strengthened gut barrier. Functionally, intestinal epithelial cell-specific Nrp1 deficiency (Nrp1ΔIEC) results in decreased Hh pathway activity and a weakened gut barrier. In addition, Nrp1ΔIEC mice have a reduced density of capillary networks in their small intestinal villus structures. Collectively, our results reveal a role for the commensal microbiota and epithelial NRP1 signaling in the regulation of intestinal barrier function through postnatal control of Hh signaling.

show abstract

TLR2 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells promotes late control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: insights into immunology from smallpox to monkeypox (mpox)

Immunopathogenesis of Orthopoxviridae: Insights into Immunology from Smallpox to Monkeypox (Mpox)

Commensal bacteria weaken the intestinal barrier by suppressing epithelial neuropilin-1 and Hedgehog signaling

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About