TLR-4 Signaling vs. Immune Checkpoints, miRNAs Molecules, Cancer Stem Cells, and Wingless-Signaling Interplay in Glioblastoma Multiforme—Future Perspectives

Litak, Jakub; Grochowski, Cezary; Litak, Joanna; Osuchowska, Ida; Gosik, Krzysztof; Radzikowska, Elżbieta; Kamieniak, Piotr; Roliński, Jacek

doi:10.3390/ijms21093114

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 206 publications

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“…Conversely, the promotion of certain Gram-negative bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae , through high-fat diets can increase intestinal levels of LPS [ 97 ]. LPS can activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) signalling, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma multiforme [ 98 ]. Furthermore, the ingestion of high-protein diets can promote a localized inflammatory response within the gut, resulting from the production of toxic metabolites stimulated by certain bacterial enzymes [ 99 ].…”

Section: Dietary Influences On the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Influences on the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Barber

Valsamakis

Mastorakos

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Over unimaginable expanses of evolutionary time, our gut microbiota have co-evolved with us, creating a symbiotic relationship in which each is utterly dependent upon the other. Far from confined to the recesses of the alimentary tract, our gut microbiota engage in complex and bi-directional communication with their host, which have far-reaching implications for overall health, wellbeing and normal physiological functioning. Amongst such communication streams, the microbiota–gut–brain axis predominates. Numerous complex mechanisms involve direct effects of the microbiota, or indirect effects through the release and absorption of the metabolic by-products of the gut microbiota. Proposed mechanisms implicate mitochondrial function, the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and autonomic, neuro-humeral, entero-endocrine and immunomodulatory pathways. Furthermore, dietary composition influences the relative abundance of gut microbiota species. Recent human-based data reveal that dietary effects on the gut microbiota can occur rapidly, and that our gut microbiota reflect our diet at any given time, although much inter-individual variation pertains. Although most studies on the effects of dietary macronutrients on the gut microbiota report on associations with relative changes in the abundance of particular species of bacteria, in broad terms, our modern-day animal-based Westernized diets are relatively high in fats and proteins and impoverished in fibres. This creates a perfect storm within the gut in which dysbiosis promotes localized inflammation, enhanced gut wall permeability, increased production of lipopolysaccharides, chronic endotoxemia and a resultant low-grade systemic inflammatory milieu, a harbinger of metabolic dysfunction and many modern-day chronic illnesses. Research should further focus on the colony effects of the gut microbiota on health and wellbeing, and dysbiotic effects on pathogenic pathways. Finally, we should revise our view of the gut microbiota from that of a seething mass of microbes to one of organ-status, on which our health and wellbeing utterly depends. Future guidelines on lifestyle strategies for wellbeing should integrate advice on the optimal establishment and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota through dietary and other means. Although we are what we eat, perhaps more importantly, we are what our gut microbiota thrive on and they thrive on what we eat.

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Section: Dietary Influences On the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Influences on the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Barber

Valsamakis

Mastorakos

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…TLR4-miRNA interplay, promotion of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-1L) expression via TLR4 agonists or Wnt/DKK-3/claudine-5 signalling result in limiting GBM invasiveness and constitute potential strategies to treat GBM patients. 149 Even though TLRs expression during HIV and HPV infections is widely studied, further research is needed to establish the fine-tuning of the specific TLRs interplay during infection. Targeting TLRs to treat cancer and many other diseases is of growing interest since the use of TLR agonists and antagonists showed a positive effect in the treatment regime.…”

Section: Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the toll‐like receptors in sexually transmitted infections

Yadav

Verma

Dhanda³

2020

Scand J Immunol

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) affect the overall social, psycholrogical, physical and reproductive health of human beings. STIs may severely affect human life, and specific microorganisms, such as bacteria, can transmit the diseases: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae; parasitic infection: Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis); or virus: herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Trichomoniasis, Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, and Chlamydia fall under curable STI, and 375 million cases are registered each year globally, whereas STIs caused by viruses are incurable. 1 In most low-and middle-income countries, more than half of the total STI cases accounted for women because of the prevalent gender-based discrimination. 2

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“…Optimal therapeutic strategy is still uncertain [ 2 ]. Current studies point at molecular aspects of the underlying neoplastic processes as the target of modern therapies [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PD-L1 Expression Correlated with p53 Expression in Pediatric Glioblastoma Multiforme

et al. 2021

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High-grade gliomas are infrequent in the pediatric population compared to adults, nevertheless, mortality and morbidity caused by malignant gliomas in this group of patients remain significant. PD-L1 and PD-1 Immune checkpoints (IC) molecules maintain immunological balance between activation and suppression. Eighteen patients with a histopathological diagnosis of pediatric glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO IV) were studied. In total, PD-L1 expression was detected in 8 patients (44%). The molecular aspect of IC and immunotherapy targeted on PD-1/PD-L1 axis in pediatric population may be a promising adjuvant therapy in pediatric glioblastoma multiform treatment, however, this subject requires further investigation.

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TLR-4 Signaling vs. Immune Checkpoints, miRNAs Molecules, Cancer Stem Cells, and Wingless-Signaling Interplay in Glioblastoma Multiforme—Future Perspectives

Cited by 29 publications

References 206 publications

Dietary Influences on the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Dietary Influences on the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis

Insights into the toll‐like receptors in sexually transmitted infections

PD-L1 Expression Correlated with p53 Expression in Pediatric Glioblastoma Multiforme

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